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  • IPEN-DOC 26776

    GATTI, LUCIANA; MILLER, JOHN B.; BASSO, LUANA S.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. ; IPIA, ALBER; ARAI, EGIDIO; TEJADA, GRACIELA; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; VON RANDOW, CELSO; GLOOR, MANUEL; PETERS, WOUTER; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.. Amazon carbon balance and its sensitivity to climate and human-driven changes. In: AGU FALL MEETING, December 9-13, 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA. Abstract... Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, 2019.

    Abstract: The Amazon accounts for 50% of Earth’s tropical rainforests hosting the largest live carbon pools in vegetation and soils (~200 PgC). The net carbon exchange between tropical land and the atmosphere is critically important, because the stability of carbon in forests and soils can be disrupted on short time-scales. The main processes releasing C to the atmosphere are deforestation, fires and changes in growing conditions due to increased temperatures and droughts. Such changes may thus cause feedbacks on global climate. In the last 40 years, the Amazon mean temperature has increased by 1.1ºC. Annual mean precipitation has also decreased by 51 mm during this same 40 year period. The precipitation reduction occurred mainly in the dry season, and the dry season has lengthened, exacerbating vegetation water stress with consequences for carbon balance. To better understand its C budget, starting in 2010 we established a regionally representative greenhouse gas monitoring program across Amazonia. The program aims to quantify gas concentrations (CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, and SF6) based on extensive collection of air from light aircraft vertical profiles. The atmosphere is profiled from the ground up to 4.5 km height at four sites along the main air-stream over the Amazon Basin on a twice-monthly basis. Here we will report what these new data tell us about the carbon balance and its controls from 2010-2017. During this period we performed 513 vertical profiles over four strategic regions that represent fluxes over much of Amazonia. The observed variability of carbon fluxes during these 8 years is correlated with climate-related (temperature, precipitation, soil water storage from GRACE satellite) and anthropogenic (fire counts) variables. The correlations were performed inside the upwind area for each profiling site. During our study period, the Amazon was a consistent source of 0.4 ± 0.2 PgC/year on average, extrapolating to the entire Amazon Basin area of 7.2 million km2. Fire emission is the main source of carbon to the atmosphere, which is not compensated by the C removal from old-growth Amazon forest. Moreover, the drought years of 2010, 2015 and 2016 are playing an outsized role in the eight-year mean. Removing those years from the mean, the net source is reduced from 0.4 ± 0.2 PgC/year to 0.2 ± 0.2 PgC/year.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27448

    BASSO, LUANA; GATTI, LUCIANA ; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE; TEJADA, GRACIELA; DOMINGUES, LUCAS ; CORREIA, CAIO ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE; NEVES, RAIANE; IPIA, ALBER; ARAI, EGIDIO; ARAGAO, LUIZ; MILLER, JOHN; GLOOR, MANUEL. Amazon CH4 budget and its controls based on atmospheric data from vertical profiles measurements. In: EGU General Assembly, May 4-8, 2020, Online. Abstract... Göttingen, Germany: Copernicus, 2020.

    Abstract: Wetland emissions are considered the main natural global Methane (CH4) source, but it is budget remains highly uncertain. Tropical regions like the Amazon, host some of the largest wetlands/seasonally flooded areas on the globe. However, tropical regions are still poorly observed with large-scale integrating observations. Here we present the first atmospheric sampling of the lower troposphere over the Amazon using regular vertical profile greenhouse gas and carbon monoxide (CO) observations at four sites. Since 2010 we collected bimonthly CH4, to provide solid seasonal and annual CH4 budgets with large spatial resolution. Vertical profiles are sampled using light aircraft, high-precision greenhouse gas and CO analysis of flask air, fortnightly between 2010 to 2018. The results show a regional variation in CH4 emissions. There are comparably high emissions from the northeast part of the Amazon exhibiting strong variability, with particularly high CH4 fluxes in the beginning of the wet season (January to March). A second period of high emissions occurs during the dry season. The cause of the high emissions is unclear. In the other three sites located further downwind along the main air-stream are observed lower emissions, that represents approximately 25-30% of what is observed in the northeast region and with a clear annual seasonality. In addition, these data show an interannual variability in emissions magnitude, so we discuss how these data can be correlate to climate variables (like temperature and precipitation) and with human-driven changes (like biomass burning) that could be influencing this variability. Over the full period the Amazon (total area of around 7.2 million km2) was a source of CH4, of approximately 46 ± 6 Tg/year, which represent 8% of the global CH4 flux to the atmosphere. Using a CO/CH4 emission ratio calculated in this study we find a biomass burning contribution varying between 10 and 23% of the total flux at each site.

    Palavras-Chave: methane; atmospheres; carbon monoxide; greenhouse gases; wetlands

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  • IPEN-DOC 28503

    BASSO, LUANA S.; MARANI, LUCIANO; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; MELACK, JOHN; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; TEJADA, GRACIELA; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; ARAI, EGIDIO; SANCHEZ, ALBER H.; CORREA, SERGIO M.; ANDERSON, LIANA; ARAGAO, LUIZ E.O.C.; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.. Amazon methane budget derived from multi-year airborne observations highlights regional variations in emissions. Communications Earth & Environment, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1-13, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-021-00314-4

    Abstract: Atmospheric methane concentrations were nearly constant between 1999 and 2006, but have been rising since by an average of ~8 ppb per year. Increases in wetland emissions, the largest natural global methane source, may be partly responsible for this rise. The scarcity of in situ atmospheric methane observations in tropical regions may be one source of large disparities between top-down and bottom-up estimates. Here we present 590 lower-troposphere vertical profiles of methane concentration from four sites across Amazonia between 2010 and 2018. We find that Amazonia emits 46.2 ± 10.3 Tg of methane per year (~8% of global emissions) with no temporal trend. Based on carbon monoxide, 17% of the sources are from biomass burning with the remainder (83%) attributable mainly to wetlands. Northwest-central Amazon emissions are nearly aseasonal, consistent with weak precipitation seasonality, while southern emissions are strongly seasonal linked to soil water seasonality. We also find a distinct east-west contrast with large fluxes in the northeast, the cause of which is currently unclear.

    Palavras-Chave: methane; emission; ecological concentration; climates; amazon river

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  • IPEN-DOC 27617

    GATTI, LUCIANA V.; BASSO, LUANA S.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G.; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; TEJADA, GRACIELA; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, EMANUEL U.; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; NOBRE, CARLOS; PETERS, WOUTER; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; VON RANDOW, CELSO; ARAI, EGIDIO; MARANI, LUCIANO; SANCHEZ, ALBER; CORREA, SERGIO M.; CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.. Amazon plays an important climatic role and deforestation is promoting important changes and a consequent increase in the carbon balance. In: AGU FALL MEETING, December 1-17, 2020, Online. Abstract... Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, 2020.

    Abstract: We present a nine-year study designed to present both regional and temporal representation of Amazon Carbon Balance from 2010 to 2018 using 590 aircraft vertical profiles. Four locations were strategically chosen: the northeast (SAN), southeast (ALF), northwest (TAB_TEF), and southwest (RBA) regions. Each of these regions represents a different deforestation scenario, land-use change, and climate impact. For instance, 37% of the region of influence at SAN site has already deforested; it also has shown the greatest changes in precipitation and Carbon emission. The changes in precipitation (P) and temperature (T) are mainly in the dry season for all sites. At the ALF site, 28% deforested, showed the greatest changes in temperature, and the second-highest carbon emission. On the other hand, the western Amazon sites (RBA and TAB_TEF), accounted for an average of deforestation of 16%, presented near neutral carbon balance and lower changes in precipitation and temperature. The eastern Amazon (SAN + ALF) represented 22% of the Amazon area, presented 27% of deforestation and was the region where dry season presented more substantial changes in precipitation (reduced by 24-34%) and temperature (increased by 1.9-2.5 ˚C). As a consequence of these climatic and anthropic changes, the carbon flux emission at eastern Amazon was around ten times higher than at western Amazon (RBA + TAB_TEF). Eastern Amazon was a carbon source during the 9-year analysis, of which 89% of the carbon flux comes from biomass burning. In the western Amazon, the low deforestation (~11%) showed less changes in dry season P and T and carbon sink in the Net Biome Exchange (NBE C Flux: Total C Flux less Fire C Flux). If the whole Amazon had the western NBE C flux, it could be removed from the atmosphere 0.74 Gt CO2 y-1. Therefore, Amazon is becoming a carbon source mainly due the fire emissions, which represent two times the Amazon carbon sink, as a result of anthropic and climatic changes.

    Palavras-Chave: carbon; deforestation; environmental degradation; climatic change; carbon oxides; amazon river; environmental impacts

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  • IPEN-DOC 27964

    GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; BASSO, LUANA S.; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; TEJADA, GRACIELA; ARAGAO, LUIZ E.O.C.; NOBRE, CARLOS; PETERS, WOUTER; MARANI, LUCIANO; ARAI, EGIDIO; SANCHES, ALBER H.; CORREA, SERGIO M.; ANDERSON, LIANA; VON RANDOW, CELSO; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.. Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature, v. 595, n. 7867, p. 388-393, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6

    Abstract: Amazonia hosts the Earth’s largest tropical forests and has been shown to be an important carbon sink over recent decades. This carbon sink seems to be in decline, however, as a result of factors such as deforestation and climate change. Here we investigate Amazonia’s carbon budget and the main drivers responsible for its change into a carbon source. We performed 590 aircraft vertical profiling measurements of lower-tropospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at four sites in Amazonia from 2010 to 2018. We find that total carbon emissions are greater in eastern Amazonia than in the western part, mostly as a result of spatial differences in carbon-monoxide-derived fire emissions. Southeastern Amazonia, in particular, acts as a net carbon source (total carbon flux minus fire emissions) to the atmosphere. Over the past 40 years, eastern Amazonia has been subjected to more deforestation, warming and moisture stress than the western part, especially during the dry season, with the southeast experiencing the strongest trends. We explore the effect of climate change and deforestation trends on carbon emissions at our study sites, and find that the intensification of the dry season and an increase in deforestation seem to promote ecosystem stress, increase in fire occurrence, and higher carbon emissions in the eastern Amazon. This is in line with recent studies that indicate an increase in tree mortality and a reduction in photosynthesis as a result of climatic changes across Amazonia.

    Palavras-Chave: climatic change; burns; carbon sources; emission; deforestation; troposphere; temperature measurement; environmental impacts; amazon river

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  • IPEN-DOC 29225

    CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. . Avaliação da influência climática no balanço de N2O na Amazônia / Evaluation of climatic influence over Amazon N2O balance . 2020. Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo. 117 p. Orientador: Luciana Vanni Gatti. DOI: 10.11606/T.85.2020.tde-27092022-150615

    Abstract: O óxido nitroso (N2O) é o terceiro gás de efeito estufa natural mais importante no planeta Terra, suas emissões são provenientes, principalmente, da atividade bacteriana nos solos em processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de elucidar a contribuição da Amazônia nas emissões de N2O nos anos de 2010 a 2018. A quantificação do N2O foi realizada por meio da coleta do ar atmosférico utilizando aviões de pequeno porte que descreveram um perfil vertical da superfície até 4,4 km de altitude, em quatro locais, posicionados de tal forma na Amazônia, que tornasse possível um estudo que a representasse regionalmente. As amostras são quantificadas em laboratório em um sistema de alta precisão e acurácia. O fluxo de N2O foi estimado utilizando-se o método de integração de coluna, que consiste na subtração da concentração deste gás no perfil vertical concentração de N2O nas massas de ar que entram no continente (BKG), considerando o tempo que as massas de ar levaram da costa brasileira até o local de coleta. Desenvolveu-se um novo método de determinação das BKG. Foi determinada a emissão de N2O pela queima de biomassa, utilizando a razão CO:N2O, determinada nos perfis amostrados que apresentaram comportamento de emissão de ambos os gases. Os fluxos foram comparados com parâmetros climatológicos e queima de biomassa para serem melhor interpretados. A região tem um comportamento emissor como um todo, lançando para a atmosfera 2,43 ± 0,88 TgN2O ano-1, em média neste período estudado. As fontes Biogênicas representam 81% da emissão total da Amazônia, apresentando uma emissão de 1,95± 0,75 TgN2O ano-1 e as emissões oriundas da queima de biomassa representam 19% da emissão total com 0,47±0,13 TgN2O ano-1.

    Palavras-Chave: greenhouse gases; greenhouse effect; nitrous oxide; emissions tax; absorption; bacterial spores; biomass; burnup; sample preparation; chemical analysis; chromatography; atmospheric circulation; air pollution monitoring; climatic change

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  • IPEN-DOC 27466

    MARANI, L.; BORGES, V.F. ; GATTI, L.V. ; DOMINGUES, L.G. ; CORREIA, C.S.C. ; BASSO, L.S.; SANTOS, R.S. dos ; CRISPIM, S.P.; NEVES, R.A.L.; GLOOR, M.; MILLER, J.B.. Background concentrations of CO2, CO and N2O in Brazilian coast. In: CROTWELL, ANDREW (Ed.); LEE, HAEYOUNG (Ed.); STEINBACHER, MARTIN (Ed.) WMO/IAEA MEETING ON CARBON DIOXIDE, OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES AND RELATED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, 20th, September 2-5, 2019, Jeju Island, South Korea. Proceedings... Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2020. p. 125-128. (GAW Report 255).

    Palavras-Chave: carbon oxides; carbon dioxide; nitrous oxide; greenhouse gases; forests; ecological concentration; monitoring

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  • IPEN-DOC 27694

    DOMINGUES, LUCAS; GATTI, LUCIANA ; AQUINO, AFONSO ; CORREIA, CAIO ; SANCHES, ALBER; GLOOR, EMANUEL; MILLER, JOHN; PETERS, WOUTER; TURNBULL, JOCELYN; BASSO, LUANA; TEJADA, GRACIELA; CASSOL, HENRIQUE; MARANI, LUCIANO. CO measurements as a biomass burning carbon emission tracer at the Amazon Basin. In: VIRTUAL GLOBAL MONITORING ANNUAL CONFERENCE, June 12 - August 7, 2020, Online. Resumo expandido... 2020.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27462

    TEJADA, GRACIELA; GATTI, LUCIANA ; BASSO, LUANA; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; CASSOL, HENRIQUE; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. . CO2 atmospheric measurements and land use and cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. In: ENCONTRO ACADÊMICO DA ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL DA EEL-USP, 3., 3-4 de junho, 2019, Lorena, SP. Anais... Lorena, SP: Escola de Engenharia de Lorena - USP, 2019.

    Palavras-Chave: carbon dioxide; deforestation; environmental impacts; greenhouse gases

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  • IPEN-DOC 27460

    NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; RIBEIRO, MAISA M.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. . Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para análise de isótopos de carbono em amostras de ar da Amazônia. In: ENCONTRO ACADÊMICO DA ENGENHARIA AMBIENTAL DA EEL-USP, 3., 3-4 de junho, 2019, Lorena, SP. Anais... Lorena, SP: Escola de Engenharia de Lorena - USP, 2019.

    Palavras-Chave: atmospheric circulation; greenhouse effect; climatic change; carbon dioxide; ecological concentration; carbon isotopes

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  • IPEN-DOC 27468

    RIBEIRO, MAISA M.; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; BASSO, LUANA S.; FISCH, GILBERTO; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. ; MARANI, LUCIANO; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.. Determinação da altura da camada limite planetária utilizando perfis verticais de temperatura potencial, umidade específica e de CO2 coletados na Amazônia. In: WORKSHOP BRASILEIRO DE MICROMETEOROLOGIA, 11., 20-22 de novembro, 2019, São José dos Campos, SP. Resumo... São José dos Campos, SP: INPE; DCTA, 2020.

    Abstract: Este estudo teve o objetivo de determinar a altura da camada limite planetária (Camada Limite Convectiva - CLC), utilizando os perfis verticais de temperatura potencial, umidade específica e gás carbônico, realizados entre 12 e 13 horas (horário local). As coletas são realizadas utilizando avião de pequeno porte no Projeto CARBAM, em 4 localidades da Amazônia: ALF (Alta Floresta – MT, 8,8S, 56,8O), RBA (Rio Branco – AC, 9,0S, 64,4O), SAN (Santarém – PA, 2,8S, 54,9O) e TEF (Tefé – AM, 3,4S, 65,6O). Estas alturas foram determinadas nas estações chuvosa e seca nas 4 localidades de estudo, no período de 2010 a 2017 (8 anos). O conjunto de dados obtidos foi em torno de 300 perfis verticais de temperatura potencial e umidade específica e de perfis de CO2. Observou-se uma CLC mais alta durante a estação seca e também nas localidades com maiores proporções de mudanças de uso da terra. Os locais que apresentaram uma maior quantidade de corpos d’água em superfície apresentaram as menores diferenças entre as alturas da CLC nas estações chuvosa e seca. Notou-se também que as localidades mais ao sul (ALF) apresentaram uma sazonalidade maior.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27365

    CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G.; SANCHEZ, ALBER H.; BASSO, LUANA S.; MARANI, LUCIANO; TEJADA, GRACIELA; ARAI, EGIDIO; CORREIA, CAIO ; ALDEN, CAROLINE B.; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; GATTI, LUCIANA V. . Determination of region of influence obtained by aircraft vertical profiles using the density of trajectories from the HYSPLIT model. Atmosphere, v. 11, n. 10, p. 1-20, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101073

    Abstract: Aircraft atmospheric profiling is a valuable technique for determining greenhouse gas fluxes at regional scales (104–106 km2). Here, we describe a new, simple method for estimating the surface influence of air samples that uses backward trajectories based on the Lagrangian model Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). We determined “regions of influence” on a quarterly basis between 2010 and 2018 for four aircraft vertical profile sites: SAN and ALF in the eastern Amazon, and RBA and TAB or TEF in the western Amazon. We evaluated regions of influence in terms of their relative sensitivity to areas inside and outside the Amazon and their total area inside the Amazon. Regions of influence varied by quarter and less so by year. In the first and fourth quarters, the contribution of the region of influence inside the Amazon was 83–93% for all sites, while in the second and third quarters, it was 57–75%. The interquarter differences are more evident in the eastern than in the western Amazon. Our analysis indicates that atmospheric profiles from the western sites are sensitive to 42–52.2% of the Amazon. In contrast, eastern Amazon sites are sensitive to only 10.9–25.3%. These results may help to spatially resolve the response of greenhouse gas emissions to climate variability over Amazon.

    Palavras-Chave: aircraft; atmospheres; greenhouses; air quality; sampling; greenhouse gases; air pollution; air flow; carbon dioxide; carbon footprint

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  • IPEN-DOC 27441

    BASSO, LUANA S.; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; TEJADA, GRACIELA; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. ; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; ARAI, EGIDIO; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; ARAGAO, LUIZ E.O.C.. A first Amazon CH4 budget and its controls based on atmospheric data from vertical profiles measurements. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira - Brazilian Journal of Forestry Research, v. 39, Special issue, p. 528-528, 2019. DOI: 10.4336/2019.pfb.39e201902043

    Abstract: The role of tropical regions in the global CH4 balance remained uncertain, due these regions have until recently been poorly observed with large-scale integrating in-situ observations. To contribute in understanding the CH4 balance in tropical regions, we have started a lower-troposphere greenhouse gas-monitoring program over Brazilian Amazon Basin consisting of regular vertical profile greenhouse gas observations at four sites. Samples are collected regularly each 2 weeks, using light aircraft. We will present an analysis of these data and what they tell us about the Amazon CH4 cycle and its contribution to global CH4 concentration. We estimate fluxes upwind of the sites from the profile data using a column budgeting approach (Miller et al., 2007). Over the full period (2010-2017) the Amazon Basin was a source of CH4, but with regional variations. There are comparably high and highly variable emissions from the eastern part of the basin exhibiting strong variability, with particularly high CH4 fluxes in two different periods of the year (beginning of the wet season and in the dry season). In contrast to this, a clear seasonality was observed at the other three sites, with the largest emissions occurring at the beginning of the wet season (January to March). Emissions from biomass burning contribute with a small part of the total flux at each site. We will finally discuss what is the influence from precipitation and temperature in the Amazon CH4 emissions.

    Palavras-Chave: methane; atmospheres; carbon monoxide; greenhouse gases; wetlands

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  • IPEN-DOC 27618

    BASSO, LUANA S.; GATTI, LUCIANA V.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; TEJADA, GRACIELA; CORREA, SERGIO M.; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G.; ARAI, EGIDIO; SANCHEZ, ALBER; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. ; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.. First Amazon Methane budget based in atmospheric long term data provided by aircraft vertical profiles measurements. In: AGU FALL MEETING, December 1-17, 2020, Online. Abstract... Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, 2020.

    Abstract: The overall Methane (CH4) budget remains highly uncertain even with the efforts to improve the estimates and contributions of its many sources (natural and anthropogenic) and few sinks. Wetland emissions are considered the primary natural CH4 source but with large uncertainty in estimations. Tropical regions like the Amazon, host some of the largest wetlands areas on the globe. However, these regions are still poorly observed with large-scale integrating observations. Here we present the first long term (2010-2018) atmospheric sampling of the lower troposphere over the Amazon using regular vertical profile (300m to 4.4km height) observations of CH4 and carbon monoxide (CO) at four sites. The sampling was nearly biweekly using small aircrafts, to provide solid seasonal and annual CH4 budgets with large spatial resolution. Was calculated a CO/CH4 ratio to estimate CH4 emissions from biomass burning. An increase in emissions mainly during the dry season at all sites from biomass burning was observed. The results show a regional variation in biogenic CH4 emissions (total minus biomass burning emissions). There are comparably high emissions from the Amazon northeast region (SAN) exhibiting strong seasonality, with particularly high CH4 fluxes one month before (February/March) the wet season peak. The second period of high emissions occurs during the beginning of the dry season (August). In the other three sites (ALF, RBA and TAB_TEF) located further downwind along the main air-stream, it were observed lower emissions, which represents approximately 20-33 % of what was observed in the northeast region and with a clear annual seasonality. Besides, we discuss how these data vary throughout the years and how it can be correlated to climate variables (temperature, precipitation and equivalent water thickness) and with human-driven influence (biomass burning), which both could be impacting this variability and annual seasonality.

    Palavras-Chave: methane; carbon monoxide; biomass; wetlands; amazon river; aircraft; troposphere; environmental impacts

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  • IPEN-DOC 29913

    GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; CUNHA, CAMILLA L.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; MESSIAS, CASSIANO G.; ARAI, EGIDIO; DENNING, SCOTT A.; SOLER, LUCIANA S.; ALMEIDA, CLAUDIO; SETZER, ALBERTO; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; BASSO, LUANA S.; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; CORREIA, CAIO S.C. ; TEJADA, GRACIELA; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; RAJÃO, RAONI; NUNES, FELIPE; S.FILHO, BRITALDO S.; SCHMITT, JAIR; NOBRE, CARLOS; CORRÊA, SERGIO M.; SANCHES, ALBER H.; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; ANDERSON, LIANA; VON RANDOW, CELSO; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; SILVA, FRANCINE M.; MACHADO, GUILHERME B.M.. Increased Amazon carbon emissions mainly from decline in law enforcement. Nature, v. 621, p. 318-323, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06390-0

    Abstract: The Amazon forest carbon sink is declining, mainly as a result of land-use and climate change1–4. Here we investigate how changes in law enforcement of environmental protection policies may have affected the Amazonian carbon balance between 2010 and 2018 compared with 2019 and 2020, based on atmospheric CO2 vertical profiles5,6, deforestation7 and fire data8, as well as infraction notices related to illegal deforestation9. We estimate that Amazonia carbon emissions increased from a mean of 0.24 ± 0.08 PgC year−1 in 2010–2018 to 0.44 ± 0.10 PgC year−1 in 2019 and 0.52 ± 0.10 PgC year−1 in 2020 (± uncertainty). The observed increases in deforestation were 82% and 77% (94% accuracy) and burned area were 14% and 42% in 2019 and 2020 compared with the 2010–2018 mean, respectively. We find that the numbers of notifications of infractions against flora decreased by 30% and 54% and fines paid by 74% and 89% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Carbon losses during 2019–2020 were comparable with those of the record warm El Niño (2015–2016) without an extreme drought event. Statistical tests show that the observed differences between the 2010– 2018 mean and 2019–2020 are unlikely to have arisen by chance. The changes in the carbon budget of Amazonia during 2019–2020 were mainly because of western Amazonia becoming a carbon source. Our results indicate that a decline in law enforcement led to increases in deforestation, biomass burning and forest degradation, which increased carbon emissions and enhanced drying and warming of the Amazon forests.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27959

    CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; BASSO, LUANA S. ; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; MARANI, LUCIANO; TEJADA, GRACIELA; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. ; ARAI, EGIDIO; GLOOR, MANUEL; MILLER, JOHN B.; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; ARAGAO, LUIZ E.O.C.. Increasing of carbon emission from biomass burning due to the temperature rising and precipitation reduction in the Amazon. In: AGU CHARPMAN CONFERENCE, August 26-29, 2019, San Diego, CA, USA. Abstract... Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, 2019.

    Abstract: Recent droughts have increased the magnitude and frequency of the forest fires in the Amazon (Aragão et al. 2018). As a consequence, the Amazon has become a Carbon source due to the rising of the Carbon emission from biomass burned in the El Niño events. Faced with climate change and the likely acceleration of temperature in tropical regions, we hypothesize that Amazon will become a Carbon source even in non-droughts years, due to the increase of forest fires. Therefore, we compared 7 years of atmospheric profiles of CO2 obtained from aircraft overfly at four sites of the Amazon, since 2010, with temperature, precipitation, and fire counts (FC). Carbon emission from fires was obtained by the ratio of CO/CO2 and differs by site and year. The FC and climatic variables were extracted from quarterly influence areas by site and weighted by the amount of trajectories within a cell of one degree resolution. The fire emissions released by the Amazon is about 0.38 ± 0.086 Pg.C.yr-1, which represent roughly 17% of the annual global fires emissions (Werf et al. 2017). However, there are markedly divergences in the Fire emissions across Amazon. For instance, the emission from the Eastern is 400% higher and account of an average 60% more FC than observed in the Western. FC were positively and significantly correlated with Carbon from fires at all sites (ρ = 0.55-0.83, α = 0.05, p-value<0.001), being higher in the Southeastern of Amazon (Alta Floresta and Santarém sites), and lower in the Northwest of Amazon (Tefé site and Rio Branco Sites). This discrepancy may occur due to the Southeastern of Amazon be located inside the “Arc of deforestation” where the dynamic of the Land-Use Land-Cover Change is more pronounced. We also found a strong relationship between FC and temperature and precipitation (r² adj = 0.44-0.67, p-value<0.001). Temperature is positively correlated with FC and explains circa of 90% of their variability in the linear model (r² partial = 0.4-0.59, α = 0.05, p-value<0.001). It means that an increase of one degree (1°C) in the Amazon represents an increase of about 13600 fire counts; and the reduction of 100 mm precipitation means an increase of 315 in the fire counts. In the balance of the Fire emissions, it would add 1.27 Pg Pg.C.yr-1 at each degree celsius of increase and 0.2 Pg.C.yr-1 at each 100 mm of precipitation reduction.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27449

    TEJADA, GRACIELA; GATTI, LUCIANA ; BASSO, LUANA; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE; ARAI, EGIDIO; ARAGAO, LUIZ; CRISPIM, STEPHANE; NEVES, RAIANE; DOMINGUES, LUCAS ; CORREIA, CAIO ; IPIA, ALBER; GLOOR, MANUEL; MILLER, JOHN; VON RANDOW, CELSO. Is it feasible to relate CO2 atmospheric measurements with land use and cover change data?: A primary assessment of land use and cover change datasets in the Amazon. In: EGU General Assembly, May 4-8, 2020, Online. Abstract... Göttingen, Germany: Copernicus, 2020.

    Abstract: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have had a significant increase in recent years reaching levels never seen before. In the Amazon region, the main CO2 emissions come from land use and cover change (LUCC), especially for the deforestation of natural forests. It is very important to understand the impacts of climate change and deforestation on the Amazon forests to understand their role in the current carbon balance at different scales. The lower-troposphere greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring program “CARBAM project”, has been collecting bimonthly GHGs vertical profiles in four sites of the Amazon since 2010, filling a very important gap in regional GHGs measurements. Here we compare different LUCC datasets for the Amazon region to see if there is a relation between annual LUCC and bimonthly CO2 aircraft measurements in the Amazon. We compared the annual (2010-2018) LUCC area from IBGE, PRODES and mapbiomas pan-amazon datasets for each mean influence area of the CARBAM sites and relate this LUCC areas with the annual CO2 fluxes. We found differences in the classification methods of the LUCC data, showing differences in the total deforested area. The LUCC data have different tendencies in each CARBAM influence area having more deforestation in the east side of the Amazon CARBAM sites. There is no clear trend between LUCC and carbon fluxes in the last 8 years. Inter-annual CO2 fluxes variability could be related with the several droughts that influence the photosynthesis/respiration. Here we highlight the scale issues regarding LUCC datasets, atmospheric CO2 measurements and CO2 modeling to better understand the current Amazon carbon balance.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27960

    TEJADA, GRACIELA; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; BASSO, LUANA S.; MARANI, LUCIANO; CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; CRISPIM, STEPHANE P.; NEVES, RAIANE A.L.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; IPIA, ALBER; CORREIA, CAIO S. de C. ; ARAI, EGIDIO; GLOOR, EMANUEL U.; MILLER, JOHN B.; VON RANDOW, CELSO. Land use and cover change and CO2 atmospheric measurements in the Amazon forests. In: AGU CHARPMAN CONFERENCE, August 26-29, 2019, San Diego, CA, USA. Abstract... Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, 2019.

    Abstract: In the last years, global CO2 concentrations have reach levels never seen before reaching more than 400 ppm. Among the main causes of these emissions are the burning of fossil fuels and the land use and cover change (LUCC) related emissions. In the Amazon region, the main CO2 emissions are related to deforestation. Multitemporal LUCC datasets have been restrict to Brazil, but now has been released a pan-Amazon dataset for all the countries sharing the Amazon, opening the possibility of studying the Amazon forests as a whole. On the other hand, the lower-troposphere greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring program “Carbam project”, has been collecting biweekly GHGs vertical profiles in four sites of the Amazon since 2010, filling a very important gap in regional GHGs measurements. Our purpose is to understand the relationships between regional LUCC and CO2 aircraft measurements in the Amazon. Here we present the relationships between annual LUCC data from 2010 to 2017 in the Amazon forest and in each mean influence area of Carbam sites comparing them with mean annual CO2 fluxes. Considering the whole Amazon forests and the mean annual CO2 fluxes, the years with more forest loss and agriculture increase are 2010 and 2016, showing relation with CO2 fluxes. On the other hand, 2011 and 2017 also have deforestation (less than 2010 and 2016), but the CO2 fluxes are lower, showing that droughts could also influence the CO2 concentrations. Looking at each influence area, total carbon flux of Alta Floresta and Rio Branco have the same tendency as the forest loss from 2013 to 2017, but no in 2010 and 2012. In Tabantinga, Tefé and Santarem there is no a direct relationship between the carbon fluxes and the forest loss. To understand better the relationships at each site, we have to consider the years of measurements. Also, the temporal scale, carbon fluxes are measure biweekly and the LUCC data is annual. Looking at the potentialities and limitations of this relationship, it will be possible to improve the methodology to better understand the interaction of human activities and CO2 emissions on the carbon balance.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27463

    BASSO, L.S.; BORGES, V.F. ; GATTI, L.V. ; MARANI, L.; MORAIS, C.S.; CORREIA, C.S.C. ; DOMINGUES, L.G. ; NEVES, R.A.L.; CRISPIM, S.P.; GLOOR, M.; MILLER, J.B.. Long term CH4 measurements in Amazon and Brazilian coast. In: CROTWELL, ANDREW (Ed.); LEE, HAEYOUNG (Ed.); STEINBACHER, MARTIN (Ed.) WMO/IAEA MEETING ON CARBON DIOXIDE, OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES AND RELATED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, 20th, September 2-5, 2019, Jeju Island. Proceedings... Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2020. p. 103-106. (GAW Report 255).

    Palavras-Chave: methane; methane; satellite atmospheres; greenhouse gases; greenhouse effect; air pollution monitoring

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  • IPEN-DOC 27465

    GATTI, L.V. ; MILLER, J.B.; GLOOR, M.; DOMINGUES, L.G. ; CORREIA, C.S.C. ; BASSO, L.; MARANI, L.; CASSOL, H.L.G.; TEJADA, G.; BORGES, V.F. ; PETERS, W.; CRISPIM, S.P.; LOPES, R.; RIBEIRO, M.M.; MORAIS, C.S.; AQUINO, C.A.B.. Measurement program of GHG vertical profiles at Amazon. In: CROTWELL, ANDREW (Ed.); LEE, HAEYOUNG (Ed.); STEINBACHER, MARTIN (Ed.) WMO/IAEA MEETING ON CARBON DIOXIDE, OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES AND RELATED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, 20th, September 2-5, 2019, Jeju Island, South Korea. Proceedings... Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2020. p. 111-115. (GAW Report 255).

    Palavras-Chave: environment; environmental impacts; greenhouse gases; fires; forests; carbon sources; deforestation

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O gerenciamento do Repositório está a cargo da Biblioteca do IPEN. Constam neste RI, até o presente momento 20.950 itens que tanto podem ser artigos de periódicos ou de eventos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses, livros, capítulo de livros e relatórios técnicos. Para participar do RI-IPEN é necessário que pelo menos um dos autores tenha vínculo acadêmico ou funcional com o Instituto. Nesta primeira etapa de funcionamento do RI, a coleta das publicações é realizada periodicamente pela equipe da Biblioteca do IPEN, extraindo os dados das bases internacionais tais como a Web of Science, Scopus, INIS, SciElo além de verificar o Currículo Lattes. O RI-IPEN apresenta também um aspecto inovador no seu funcionamento. Por meio de metadados específicos ele está vinculado ao sistema de gerenciamento das atividades do Plano Diretor anual do IPEN (SIGEPI). Com o objetivo de fornecer dados numéricos para a elaboração dos indicadores da Produção Cientifica Institucional, disponibiliza uma tabela estatística registrando em tempo real a inserção de novos itens. Foi criado um metadado que contém um número único para cada integrante da comunidade científica do IPEN. Esse metadado se transformou em um filtro que ao ser acionado apresenta todos os trabalhos de um determinado autor independente das variáveis na forma de citação do seu nome.

A elaboração do projeto do RI do IPEN foi iniciado em novembro de 2013, colocado em operação interna em julho de 2014 e disponibilizado na Internet em junho de 2015. Utiliza o software livre Dspace, desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Para descrição dos metadados adota o padrão Dublin Core. É compatível com o Protocolo de Arquivos Abertos (OAI) permitindo interoperabilidade com repositórios de âmbito nacional e internacional.

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O Repositório Digital do IPEN é um equipamento institucional de acesso aberto, criado com o objetivo de reunir, preservar, disponibilizar e conferir maior visibilidade à Produção Científica publicada pelo Instituto, desde sua criação em 1956.

Operando, inicialmente como uma base de dados referencial o Repositório foi disponibilizado na atual plataforma, em junho de 2015. No Repositório está disponível o acesso ao conteúdo digital de artigos de periódicos, eventos, nacionais e internacionais, livros, capítulos, dissertações, teses e relatórios técnicos.

A elaboração do projeto do RI do IPEN foi iniciado em novembro de 2013, colocado em operação interna em julho de 2014 e disponibilizado na Internet em junho de 2015. Utiliza o software livre Dspace, desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Para descrição dos metadados adota o padrão Dublin Core. É compatível com o Protocolo de Arquivos Abertos (OAI) permitindo interoperabilidade com repositórios de âmbito nacional e internacional.

O gerenciamento do Repositório está a cargo da Biblioteca do IPEN. Constam neste RI, até o presente momento 20.950 itens que tanto podem ser artigos de periódicos ou de eventos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses, livros, capítulo de livros e relatórios técnicos. Para participar do RI-IPEN é necessário que pelo menos um dos autores tenha vínculo acadêmico ou funcional com o Instituto. Nesta primeira etapa de funcionamento do RI, a coleta das publicações é realizada periodicamente pela equipe da Biblioteca do IPEN, extraindo os dados das bases internacionais tais como a Web of Science, Scopus, INIS, SciElo além de verificar o Currículo Lattes. O RI-IPEN apresenta também um aspecto inovador no seu funcionamento. Por meio de metadados específicos ele está vinculado ao sistema de gerenciamento das atividades do Plano Diretor anual do IPEN (SIGEPI). Com o objetivo de fornecer dados numéricos para a elaboração dos indicadores da Produção Cientifica Institucional, disponibiliza uma tabela estatística registrando em tempo real a inserção de novos itens. Foi criado um metadado que contém um número único para cada integrante da comunidade científica do IPEN. Esse metadado se transformou em um filtro que ao ser acionado apresenta todos os trabalhos de um determinado autor independente das variáveis na forma de citação do seu nome.