INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS ENERGÉTICAS E NUCLEARES
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Navegação IPEN por Agências de fomento "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)"

Navegação IPEN por Agências de fomento "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)"

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  • IPEN-DOC 27731

    MENDES, BRUNO M.; ANTUNES, PAULA C.G. ; BRANCO, ISABELA S.L. ; NASCIMENTO, EDUARDO do; SENIWAL, BALJEET; FONSECA, TELMA C.F.; YORIYAZ, HELIO . Calculation of dose point kernel values for monoenergetic electrons and beta emitting radionuclides: intercomparison of Monte Carlo codes. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 181, p. 1-8, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109327

    Abstract: Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) and beta-emitting seeds brachytherapy (BSBT) exploit the characteristics of energy deposited by beta-emitting radionuclides. Monte Carlo (MC) modelling of electron transport is crucial for calculations of absorbed dose for TRT and BSBT. However, computer codes capable of providing consistent results are still limited. Since experimental validations show several difficulties, the estimation of electron dose point kernel (DPK) is often used to verify the accuracy of different MC codes. In this work, we compared DPK calculations for various point, isotropic and monoenergetic electron sources and several beta-emitting radioisotopes using the codes MCNP, EGSnrc, PENELOPE and TOPAS with different simulation options. The simulations were performed using latest versions of EGSnrc and Penelope, TOPAS version 3.3.1 and MCNP version 6.1 Monte Carlo codes. In our simulations, the geometrical model consists of a point electron source placed at the center of a water sphere emitting isotropically. The water sphere was divided into 28 shells and the energy deposition was scored within these shells. The radius of the outermost shell was 1.2R0, where R0 is the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range. Five monoenergetic beta sources with energies of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 3 MeV were studied. Six beta-emitting radionuclides were also simulated: Lu-177, Sm-153, Ho-166, Sr-89, I-131 and Y-90. Monoenergetic electron simulations showed large deviations among the codes, larger than 13% depending on the electron energy and the distance from the source. In the cases where beta spectra of radionuclides were simulated, all MC codes showed differences from EGSnrc (used as reference value - RV) less than 3% within rE90 range (radius of the sphere in which 90% of the energy of the spectrum electrons would be deposited). TOPAS showed results comparable to EGSnrc and PENELOPE. DPK values for 0.1 MeV monoenergetic electrons, calculated using MCNP6, led to differences higher than ±5% from RV despite our attempts to tune electron transport algorithms and physics parameters.

    Palavras-Chave: point kernels; computer calculations; computerized simulation; electron emission; electrons; beta particles; radionuclides; monte carlo method; therapy; brachytherapy

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  • IPEN-DOC 27202

    NEVES, LUCIO P.; FRANCO, ADRIANE B.; FRANÇA, MONIQUE; SOARES, MARIA R.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. ; PERINI, ANA P.. Computational dosimetry in a pediatric i-CAT procedure using virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 167, p. 1-5, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.040

    Abstract: The craniofacial structure is three-dimensional, and for a better visualization of these structures, Computed Tomography is often employed for diagnoses, even though being a high-cost procedure, leading to increased exposure to ionizing radiation. As a consequence, studies in dosimetry are necessary, since several radiosensitive structures are located in the head and neck, such as thyroid, crystalline and salivary glands. There is an overall consensus regarding the exposure of pediatric patients to ionizing radiation, with recommendations being that the procedures must occur with the shortest exposure time as possible, and it is only prescribed when they are effectively necessary. During the procedures, radiation effects are difficult to be measured. The use of either TL or OSL dosimeters can create artifacts within the images, and the positioning of a large number of dosimeters, necessary for the correct dose evaluation, is not feasible when it comes to a pediatric patient. Therefore pediatric virtual anthropomorphic phantoms and Monte Carlo simulations were used in this work. The absorbed and effective doses were determined during an i-CAT procedure, with 5 different fields of view, utilizing 5- and 10- year-old male virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. The results pointed out that the eye lens, salivary glands and thyroid received the highest doses. Besides, the effective dose values increase with the increasing of the FOV size, and the 5-year-old male virtual anthropomorphic phantom presented the highest effective dose values.

    Palavras-Chave: ionizing radiations; pediatrics; dosimetry; monte carlo method; phantoms; computerized simulation

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  • IPEN-DOC 26023

    SOARES, MARIA R. ; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P. ; MAIA, ANA; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Computational modeling of thyroid shields and lead eyewear and the impact on the absorbed doses of eye lens and thyroid gland in CBCT exams. In: RUBIO, MARCELO (Ed.); TIRAO, GERMAN (Ed.) INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RADIATION PHYSICS, 14th, October 7-11, 2018, Córdoba, Argentina. Abstract... Córdoba: Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos, 2018. p. 56-56.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27804

    SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SILVA, ROGERIO M.V.; SOARES, MARIA R.; VALERIANO, CAIO C.; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Computational modelling of cervix radiation procedure using a virtual anthropomorphic phantom and the MCNPX code. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, v. 1826, p. 1-8, 2021. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1826/1/012040

    Abstract: There is a serious, and growing concern about the increased risk of the emergence of a secondary cancer, radio-induced, associated with radiotherapy treatments. To assess the radiation doses to organs outside the target volume, in this work, several computational exposure scenarios were modelled, based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX code). A Varian 2100c accelerator, and a female virtual anthropomorphic phantom were used, in a simulated treatment of cervical cancer. The determination of the dispersed dose would be important for assessing the risk in different organs or tissues. Four treatment fields were applied, varying the gantry angle. It was possible to observe that the conversion factors for equivalent dose were higher for the AP projection. For the RLAT and LLAT projections, the results were similar, fact that may be attributed to the symmetrical distributions of the organs in relation to the radiation source. The results presented in this work showed that the computational exposure scenario provides a versatile and accurate tool to estimate in a ready way the absorbed doses during a cervical treatment.

    Palavras-Chave: absorbed radiation doses; animal tissues; computerized simulation; dosimetry; monte carlo method; organs; phantoms; radiotherapy; uterus

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  • IPEN-DOC 26785

    SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SILVA, ROGERIO M.V.; SOARES, MARIA R.; VALERIANO, CAIO C.; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Computational modelling of cervix uterus radiation procedure using a virtual anthropomorphic phantom and the MCNPX code. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA, 10.; CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DE METROLOGIA ELÉTRICA, 13.; CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DE METROLOGIA MECÂNICA, 5.; CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA DAS RADIAÇÕES IONIZANTES, 6.; WORKSHOP DA REDE DE METROLOGIA QUÍMICA DO INMETRO, 4.; CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA ÓPTICA, 3., 24-27 de novembro, 2019, Florianópolis, SC. Anais... Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Sociedade Brasileira de Metrologia, 2019.

    Abstract: There is a serious, and growing, concern about the increased risk of the emergence of a secondary cancer, radio-induced, associated with radiotherapy treatments. To assess the radiation doses to organs outside the target volume, in this work, several computational exposure scenarios were modelled, based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX code). A Varian 2100c accelerator, and a female virtual anthropomorphic phantom were used, in a simulated treatment of cervical cancer. The determination of the dispersed dose would be important for assessing the risk in different organs or tissues. Four treatment fields were applied, varying the gantry angle. It was possible to observe that the conversion factors for equivalent dose were higher for the AP projection. For the RLAT and LLAT projections, the results were similar, fact that may be attributed to the symmetrical distributions of the organs in relation to the radiation source. The results presented in this work showed that the computational exposure scenario provides a versatile and accurate tool to estimate in a ready way the absorbed doses during a cervical treatment.

    Palavras-Chave: absorbed radiation doses; animal tissues; computerized simulation; dosimetry; monte carlo method; organs; phantoms; radiotherapy; uterus

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  • IPEN-DOC 26029

    LIMA, CAIO L.; AMARAL, CAIO E.S.; BELINATO, WALMIR; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P. ; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; ALMEIDA, EDSON P.B. de; NAVARRO, MARCUS V.T.. Computational simulation of the detectors designed for computer tomography. In: RUBIO, MARCELO (Ed.); TIRAO, GERMAN (Ed.) INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RADIATION PHYSICS, 14th, October 7-11, 2018, Córdoba, Argentina. Abstract... Córdoba: Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos, 2018. p. 102-102.

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  • IPEN-DOC 25125

    OLIVEIRA, JUSTINE P.R. ; MELENDEZ-ORTIZ, H.I.; BUCIO, EMILIO; ALVES, PATRICIA T.; LIMA, MAYARA I.S.; GOULART, LUIZ R.; MATHOR, MONICA B. ; VARCA, GUSTAVO H.C. ; LUGAO, ADEMAR B. . Current methods applied to biomaterials – characterization approaches, safety assessment and biological international standards. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, v. 18, n. 4, p. 256-274, 2018. DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666180410151518

    Abstract: Safety and biocompatibility assessment of biomaterials are themes of constant concern as advanced materials enter the market as well as products manufactured by new techniques emerge. Within this context, this review provides an up-to-date approach on current methods for the characterization and safety assessment of biomaterials and biomedical devices from a physical-chemical to a biological perspective, including a description of the alternative methods in accordance with current and established international standards.

    Palavras-Chave: biological materials; bioassay; medicine; in vitro; in vivo; compatibility; composite materials; sterilization; standardization; iso; recommendations; physical chemistry

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  • IPEN-DOC 24752

    SOARES, MARIA R. ; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P. ; BATISTA, WILSON O.G.; BELINATO, WALMIR; MAIA, ANA F.; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Dose estimate for cone beam CT equipment protocols using Monte Carlo simulation in computational adult anthropomorphic phantoms. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 155, SI, p. 252-259, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.06.038

    Abstract: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become essential for dental diagnoses in the last decade. This is supported by its low cost and low doses, when compared to medical CT. Following this increase in CBCT procedures, it is necessary to ensure the image quality within low radiation doses to the patients. This is an especially difficult challenge in CBCT, given the number of equipment models (more than 50), radiographic techniques that may be employed, and technical information not available to the users by the manufacturers. The objective of this study was to estimate the cancer risk, effective and absorbed doses in tissues and organs for CBCT protocols intended for dental use. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were used to estimate these quantities in tissues and organs with radiological importance, as those suggested by the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICPR) report ICRP 103. Five different fields of view (FOV) were simulated to i-Cat Classic CBCT, using the MCNPX code. The virtual anthropomorphic phantoms FASH3 (Female Adult MeSH) and MASH3 (Male Adult MeSH) were also used. The effective dose estimative was in the range 75.15–142.20 μSv. The largest contribution to the effective dose was from the salivary glands (17%), thyroid (27%) and remainder tissues (28%). The results of this work showed that the effective and absorbed doses in tissues/organs vary according to the FOV, exposure parameters, and the positioning of the beam, relative to the radiosensitive organs. Furthermore, for the same exposure conditions, women can exceed the total risk of cancer by 26–34%, when compared to men.

    Palavras-Chave: computerized tomography; monte carlo method; dosimetry; phantoms; computerized simulation; irradiation; tomography

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  • IPEN-DOC 26786

    SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; SANTOS, CARLA J.; SILVA, ALINE F. da; SOUZA, SAMARA P.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. ; PERINI, ANA P.. Dose evaluation in breast brachytherapy using different 125I seeds: a Monte Carlo approach. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA, 10.; CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DE METROLOGIA ELÉTRICA, 13.; CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DE METROLOGIA MECÂNICA, 5.; CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA DAS RADIAÇÕES IONIZANTES, 6.; WORKSHOP DA REDE DE METROLOGIA QUÍMICA DO INMETRO, 4.; CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE METROLOGIA ÓPTICA, 3., 24-27 de novembro, 2019, Florianópolis, SC. Anais... Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Sociedade Brasileira de Metrologia, 2019.

    Abstract: A very common type of cancer among women is the breast cancer. The treatment choice depends, among several factors, on the clinical stage of the disease and the age. One way to treat breast cancer is the permanent breast seed implant, with Iodine-125 (125I). Since they present some advantages: possibility to treat solid tumors, near the tumor site, induction of little trauma and strong lethality to cancer cells. In Brazil, a new 125I seed was developed at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares to be applied in brachytherapy. Given the large number of women diagnosed with breast cancer, in this work, the dose determination in organs and tissues was undertaken, considering this new seed and a commercial, Amersham 6711-Oncoseed®, employing the Monte Carlo method. Moreover, for a better understanding of the radiation doses delivered to different patients, the breast volumes were modified. For this purpose, the MCNPX Monte Carlo code was utilized coupled with female virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. The results pointed out the highest dose values for the breast and skin. Furthermore, the dose results for both types of seeds were very similar.

    Palavras-Chave: mammary glands; neoplasms; brachytherapy; monte carlo method; radiation doses

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  • IPEN-DOC 26430

    PEREIRA, MARCO A.M.; SILVEIRA, LUCAS M.; NANNINI, FELIX; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SANTOS, WILLIAM S. . Dosimetric evaluation of individuals to 238U series, 232Th series and 40K radionuclides present in Brazilian ornamental rocks using computational simulation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 173, p. 401-410, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.038

    Abstract: Granites are widely used in construction and they may be potential sources of ionizing radiation, due to the presence of radionuclides such as 40K and decay products from 238U series and 232Th series. These radionuclides occur in the minerals constituting the rocks. To evaluate the doses in humans exposed to 40K, and decay products from 238U series and 232Th series radiation, a room with dimensions of 4.0 × 5.0 × 2.8m3, with uniformly distributed radiation source on the floor of granitic rocks, was computationally modeled. Adult individuals were represented in the virtual scenario by two virtual anthropomorphic phantoms FASH3 and MASH3, incorporated simultaneously in the software MCNPX 2.7.0. The mean energy deposited on each organ and tissue of FASH3 and MASH3 phantoms was determined using the MCNPX F6 tally (MeV/g/particle), while the photon flux within the room was calculated with the MCNPX F4 tally (MeV/cm2/particle). The organs that obtained the highest conversion coefficients CC[HT] (Sv/Gy) were the red bone marrow (0.94), skin (0.90), breast (0.81) and bladder (0.73) for the FASH3; skin (0.89), gonads (0.88), breast (0.79) and bladder (0.70) for the MASH3. The simulated air absorbed dose rates varied between 23.4 (11%) and 25.8 (12%) nGy/h, and the annual dose rates were 0.10 (6%) and 0.11 (6%) mSv/year. These results presented acceptable statistical uncertainties and they are in agreement with the literature. Fluency of photons pointed to the central region of the room floor as the place of greatest exposure. The results showed that the organs closer to the radiation source had the highest deposited energy values. Based on the annual effective dose data obtained, it was possible to note that the values are within the literature. We believe that the methodology used will allow the investigation of any ornamental material that emits natural radiation.

    Palavras-Chave: rocks; granites; ionization; ionizing radiations; computerized simulation; natural radioactivity; dosimetry; monte carlo method; phantoms; radioisotopes; uranium 238; thorium 232; potassium 40; brazil

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  • IPEN-DOC 24788

    PERINI, ANA P. ; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Estimation of conversion coefficients for absorbed and effective doses for pediatric CT examinations in two different PET/CT scanners. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 155, SI, p. 9-16, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.07.009

    Abstract: Normally, during medical procedures, special attention must be given to pediatric patients when compared to adults. This is specially relevant during procedures involving ionizing radiation, as CT scans, given that children are considerably more sensitive to radiation induced stochastic effects than adults. In order to investigate the radiation doses on radiosensitive organs of pediatric patients, undergoing head, chest and abdomen CT procedures, numerical dosimetry was employed in this work. The novelty is the use of a new set of pediatric virtual anthropomorphic phantoms, coupled with Monte Carlo simulation, to determine the conversion coefficients for absorbed and effective doses. Two CT equipment were simulated, taking into account the main characteristics of those commercially available. The results were converted to conversion coefficients (mGy/100 mA) for several organs and tissues, and the highest values were obtained for the newborn phantom. This numerical approach employed a new and reliable technique for pediatric CT dosimetry.

    Palavras-Chave: patients; children; radiation doses; monte carlo method; phantoms; computerized tomography; pediatrics; simulation

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  • IPEN-DOC 27422

    SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; SOUZA, LUCAS W.G.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; PERINI, ANA P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. . Evaluation of fetal, medical and occupational exposure in ERCP procedures using Monte Carlo simulation and virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 177, p. 1-10, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109113

    Abstract: In this study, computational modeling was applied to evaluate medical and occupational exposure, to ionizing radiation, during the Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedure of a pregnant woman in the second gestational trimester. The fetal dose evaluation and the construction of a photon fluence map inside the procedure room were also performed. The medical staff and patient were represented by virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. These phantoms were incorporated to the radiation transport code MCNPX (version 2.7.0). The photon beam was projected on the right lateral lower section of the liver of the patient, producing a FOV of 15×15 cm2. The spectral influence was evaluated using tube voltages of 70 kVp and 80 kVp with a total filtration of 5 mmAl. The influence of the suspended shield, lead curtain and fetal shield were evaluated on the Conversion Coefficients for Equivalent Dose (CC[HT]) and Effective Dose (CC[E]) for the medical staff and patient. The removal of the lead curtain and suspended shield was considered the most critical configuration to the medical staff. In this situation, an increase up to 633% in the CC[HT]eye lens and 900% in CC[E], for the medical staff, was reached. The CC[E]Patient ranged between 0.13 mSv/Gy.cm2 (70 kVp with all protective devices) and 0.15 mSv/Gy.cm2 (80 kVp without fetal shield) and the values obtained are in agreement with the literature. The CC[HT]fetus oscillated between 2.2E-1 mSv/Gy.cm2 (70 kV with fetal shield) and 2.7E-1 mSv/Gy.cm2 (80 kV without fetal shield). The outcomes of this work are useful in the prior monitoring of the radiation doses and risks, and a reduction on these may be reached for the medical team and patient, which is a complicated arrangement in ERCP procedures.

    Palavras-Chave: biomedical radiography; digestive system; pregnancy; prenatal exposure; patients; monte carlo method; phantoms; medical personnel; nuclear medicine; conversion; computerized simulation; mathematical models; radiation doses; fetuses

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  • IPEN-DOC 27210

    SANTOS, CARLA J.; SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; PERINI, ANA P.; VALERIANO, CAIO C.S. ; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. ; NEVES, LUCIO P.. Evaluation of polymer gels using Monte Carlo simulations. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 167, p. 1-4, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.038

    Abstract: The use of Monte Carlo simulations in dosimetry is a well established area of research, and several correction factors, for ionization chambers, were evaluated with these simulations. Some simulated values were considered even more reliable than the experimental measurements. Besides these uses with ionization chambers, Monte Carlo simulations may also be employed in the development and characterization of new dosimetric materials, as polymer gels. They are largely employed in radiotherapy dosimetry to mimic human tissue. New polymer gels were studied in order to better represent different organs or tissues, to provide more reliable results, or even to use different measurement techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric properties of polymer gels, in relation to its mass-energy absorption coefficients, energy response and tissue equivalence. For this purpose the MCNPX Monte Carlo code was utilized. Three different materials, employed in radiotherapy dosimetry were evaluated in this work: MAGAS, MAGAT and AMPS. For all simulations carried out, the values were within an acceptable uncertainty and in accordance to the expected results.

    Palavras-Chave: polymers; gels; dosimetry; monte carlo method; radiotherapy; ionization chambers; depth dose distributions

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  • IPEN-DOC 24798

    SILVEIRA, LUCAS M. da; PEREIRA, MARCO A.M.; NEVES, LUCIO P. ; PERINI, ANA P. ; BELINATO, WALMIR; CALDAS, LINDA V.E. ; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.. Exposure to 137Cs deposited in soil – A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, v. 975, n. 012050, p. 1-5, 2018. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/975/1/012050

    Abstract: In the event of an environmental contamination with radioactive materials, one of the most dangerous materials is 137Cs. In order to evaluate the radiation doses involved in an environmental contamination of soil, with 137Cs, we carried out a computational dosimetric study. We determined the radiation conversion coefficients (CC) for effective (E) and equivalent (H T) doses, using a male and a female anthropomorphic phantoms. These phantoms were coupled with the MCNPX (2.7.0) Monte Carlo simulation software, for three different types of soil. The highest CC[H T] values were for the gonads and skin (male) and bone marrow and skin (female). We found no difference for the different types of soil.

    Palavras-Chave: cesium 137; radiation accidents; environmental exposure; contamination; soils; monte carlo method; radiation sources; computer codes; dosimetry; radiation monitoring; radiation protection

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  • IPEN-DOC 29864

    PEREIRA, NELSON G.A.; GONZALEZ, MARIA E.L.; QUEIROZ, ALVARO A.A. de ; OLIVEIRA, ADHIMAR F.; WANDERLEY NETO, ESTACIO T.. Higher electrical conductivity of functionalized graphene oxide doped with silver and copper (II) ions. Energies, v. 16, n. 20, p. 1-16, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/en16207019

    Abstract: This study presents a new methodology for graphene oxide (GO) synthesis through electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, followed by phthalic anhydride functionalization (PhA-GO) and doping with Cu2+ and Ag+ ions. The synthesis of GO involved the use of an electrochemical cell with H2 SO4 as the electrolyte, with a gradual increase in potential from 2.3 V to 10 V. Extensive characterization techniques confirmed the successful incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups, verifying the oxidation of graphite. PhA-GO functionalization was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), which confirmed the presence of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions. The Scherrer equation determined a grain size of 75.85 nm for GO. The electrical properties exhibited semiconductor and semimetal behavior, particularly in PhA-GO/Ag+ composites, making them suitable for electronic devices over a wide temperature range, presenting a promising pathway for advanced materials in electronic applications.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27703

    SENIWAL, BALJEET; FREITAS, LUCAS F. ; MENDES, BRUNO M.; LUGAO, ADEMAR B. ; KATTI, KATTESH V.; FONSECA, TELMA C.F.. In silico dosimetry of low-dose rate brachytherapy using radioactive nanoparticles. Physics in Medicine and Biology, v. 66, n. 4, p. 1-13, 2021. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abd671

    Abstract: Purpose. Nanoparticles (NPs) with radioactive atoms incorporated within the structure of the NP or bound to its surface, functionalized with biomolecules are reported as an alternative to low-dose-rate seed-based brachytherapy. In this study, authors report a mathematical dosimetric study on low-dose rate brachytherapy using radioactive NPs. Method. Single-cell dosimetry was performed by calculating cellular S-values for spherical cell model using Au-198, Pd-103 and Sm-153 NPs. The cell survival and tumor volume versus time curves were calculated and compared to the experimental studies on radiotherapeutic efficiency of radioactive NPs published in the literature. Finally, the radiotherapeutic efficiency of Au-198, Pd-103 and Sm-153 NPs was tested for variable: administered radioactivity, tumor volume and tumor cell type. Result. At the cellular level Sm-153 presented the highest S-value, followed by Pd-103 and Au-198. The calculated cell survival and tumor volume curves match very well with the published experimental results. It was found that Au-198 and Sm-153 can effectively treat highly aggressive, large tumor volumes with low radioactivity. Conclusion. The accurate knowledge of uptake rate, washout rate of NPs, radio-sensitivity and tumor repopulation rate is important for the calculation of cell survival curves. Self-absorption of emitted radiation and dose enhancement due to AuNPs must be considered in the calculations. Selection of radionuclide for radioactive NP must consider size of tumor, repopulation rate and radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Au-198 NPs functionalized with Mangiferin are a suitable choice for treating large, radioresistant and rapidly growing tumors.

    Palavras-Chave: nanoparticles; radioactive materials; radioactivity; brachytherapy; dose rates; low dose irradiation; dosimetry; radiotherapy; nanomaterials; neoplasms

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  • IPEN-DOC 26033

    SILVA, ROGERIO M.V.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.; PERINI, ANA P. ; NEVES, LUCIO P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; SOUZA, DIVANIZIA N.. Low cost electron irradiator using 90Sr+90Y sources. In: RUBIO, MARCELO (Ed.); TIRAO, GERMAN (Ed.) INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RADIATION PHYSICS, 14th, October 7-11, 2018, Córdoba, Argentina. Abstract... Córdoba: Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos, 2018. p. 178-178.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27212

    SILVA, ROGERIO M.V.; BELINATO, WALMIR; SANTOS, WILLIAM S. ; SOUZA, LUIZA F.; PERINI, ANA P.; NEVES, LUCIO P.; SOUZA, DIVANIZIA N.. Low cost electron irradiator using 90Sr+90Y sources. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 167, p. 1-8, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.039

    Abstract: In beta therapy, β particles from 90Sr+90Y are used for the prevention and treatment of ophthalmological and dermatological diseases. For such purposes, the radiation dose is deposited by planar and concave applicators positioned on the region to be treated. Although this therapy is effective on the diseases, several complications have been reported, making these types of radioactive applicators obsolete in current clinical practice. This paper proposes a methodology to prepare and evaluate the safety of a research irradiator that re-purposes and adapts dermatologic and ophthalmic 90Sr+90Y applicators. The irradiator was constructed using low cost materials and three applicator sources. The sources are positioned at the center and the upper end of acrylic rectangular prisms. Radiochromic film was used to obtain the dose distribution on the sample holder surface. Pellets of aluminum oxide doped with carbon (Al2O3:C) were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the irradiator. The MCNPX Monte Carlo code was used for the evaluation of safety conditions. The irradiator exhibits good reproducibility of irradiation of dosimeters in pellet form and is safe to handle.

    Palavras-Chave: brachytherapy; strontium 90; yttrium 90; monte carlo method

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  • IPEN-DOC 29628

    CAIXETA, DOUGLAS C.; LIMA, CASSIO ; XU, YUN; GUEVARA-VEGA, MARCO; ESPINDOLA, FOUED S.; GOODACRE, ROYSTON; ZEZELL, DENISE M. ; SABINO-SILVA, ROBINSON. Monitoring glucose levels in urine using FTIR spectroscopy combined with univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, v. 290, p. 1-9, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122259

    Abstract: The development of novel platforms for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring applied in the screening and monitoring of diabetes is crucial to improve diabetes surveillance systems. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy of urine can be an alternative as a sustainable, label-free, fast, non-invasive, and highly sensitive analysis to detect changes in urine promoted by diabetes and insulin treatment. In this study, we used ATR-FTIR to evaluate the urinary components of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D), and diabetic insulin-treated (D + I) rats. As expected, insulin treatment was capable to revert changes in glycemia, 24-h urine collection volume, urine creatinine, urea, and glucose excretion promoted by diabetes. Several differences in the urine spectra of ND, D, and D + I were observed, with urea, creatinine, and glucose analytes being related to these changes. Principal components analysis (PCA) scores plots allowed for the discrimination of ND and D + I from D with an accuracy of ∼ 99 %. The PCA loadings associated with PC1 confirmed the importance of urea and glucose vibrational modes for this discrimination. Univariate analysis of second derivative spectra showed a high correlation (r: 0.865, p < 0.0001) between the height of 1074 cm-1 vibrational mode with urinary glucose concentration. In order to estimate the amount of glucose present in the infrared spectra from urine, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) was applied and a higher predicted concentration of glucose in the urine was observed with a correlation of 78.9 % compared to urinary glucose concentration assessed using enzyme assays. In summary, ATR-FTIR combined with univariate and multivariate chemometric analyses provides an innovative, non-invasive, and sustainable approach to diabetes surveillance.

    Palavras-Chave: diabetes mellitus; fourier transform spectrometers; infrared spectra; urine; biological markers; quantitative chemical analysis; glucose

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  • IPEN-DOC 24712

    BELINATO, WALMIR; SILVA, ROGERIO M.V.; PERINI, ANA P. ; NEVES, LUCIO P.; SANTOS, CARLA J.; SOUZA, DIVANIZIA N.; SANTOS, WILLIAM S.. Monte Carlo dosimetric evaluation in PET exams for patients with different BMI and heights. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 151, p. 36-41, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.05.011

    Abstract: In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET), associated with multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), has become a diagnostic technique widely disseminated to evaluate various malignant tumors and other diseases. However, during PET/CT examinations, the doses of ionizing radiation experienced by the internal organs of the patients due to 18F are unknown, and may be substantial. The aim of this study was to determine a set of S values derived from the 18F-FDG and to use them to determine the absorbed and effective doses of 8 different virtual anthropomorphic phantoms (4 of each gender). These phantoms have different Body Mass Index (BMI), to represent different anatomical characteristics of patients examined in PET. The results of the S values were calculated using the MCNPX (2.7.0) Monte Carlo code. These results were compared to the ICRP 106 reference values, obtained with mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms (MIRD model). Our results of the S values were higher than those obtained and presented at the ICRP 106, mainly due to the differences between the phantoms. The differences between the relative distances of the organs and the chemical and physical characteristics of the phantoms used in this study, in relation to mathematical model, reflected the use of a detailed set of phantoms. Therefore, the results presented in this study provide accurate and reliable data for internal dose calculations for patients undergoing PET examinations.

    Palavras-Chave: positron computed tomography; monte carlo method; positron sources; dosimetry; phantoms

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