Navegação IPEN por Revista "Atmosphere"

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  • IPEN-DOC 26403

    OLIVEIRA, ALINE M. de; SOUZA, CRISTINA T.; OLIVEIRA, NARA P.M. de; MELO, ALINE K.S.; LOPES, FABIO J.S. ; LANDULFO, EDUARDO ; ELBERN, HENDRIK; HOELZEMANN, JUDITH J.. Analysis of atmospheric aerosol optical properties in the northeast Brazilian atmosphere with remote sensing data from MODIS and CALIOP/CALIPSO satellites, AERONET photometers and a ground-based Lidar. Atmosphere, v. 10, n. 10, p. 1-22, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100594

    Abstract: A 12-year analysis, from 2005 to 2016, of atmospheric aerosol optical properties focusing for the first time on Northeast Brazil (NEB) was performed based on four di erent remote sensing datasets: the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), the Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and a ground-based Lidar from Natal. We evaluated and identified distinct aerosol types, considering Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angström Exponent (AE). All analyses show that over the NEB, a low aerosol scenario prevails, while there are two distinct seasons of more elevated AOD that occur every year, from August to October and January to March. According to MODIS, AOD values ranges from 0.04 to 0.52 over the region with a mean of 0.20 and occasionally isolated outliers of up to 1.21. Aerosol types were identified as sea spray, biomass burning, and dust aerosols mostly transported from tropical Africa. Three case studies on days with elevated AOD were performed. All cases identified the same aerosol types and modeled HYSPLIT backward trajectories confirmed their source-dependent origins. This analysis is motivated by the implementation of an atmospheric chemistry model with an advanced data assimilation system that will use the observational database over NEB with the model to overcome high uncertainties in the model results induced by still unvalidated emission inventories.

    Palavras-Chave: aerosols; aerosol monitoring; optical radar; dusts; datasets; satellites; atmospherics; meteorology; optical properties; brazil; atmospheric circulation

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  • IPEN-DOC 29836

    MOREIRA, GREGORI de A. ; CACHEFFO, ALEXANDRE ; ANDRADE, IZABEL da S. ; LOPES, FABIO JULIANO da S. ; GOMES, ANTONIO A. ; LANDULFO, EDUARDO . Analyzing the influence of vehicular traffic on the concentration of pollutants in the city of São Paulo: an approach based on pandemic SARS-CoV-2 data and deep learning. Atmosphere, v. 14, n. 10, p. 1-16, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/atmos14101578

    Abstract: This study employs surface and remote sensing data jointly with deep learning techniques to examine the influence of vehicular traffic in the seasonal patterns of CO, NO2 , PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the São Paulo municipality, as the period of physical distancing (March 2020 to December 2021), due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the resumption of activities, made it possible to observe significant variations in the flow of vehicles in the city of São Paulo. Firstly, an analysis of the planetary boundary layer height and ventilation coefficient was performed to identify the seasons’ patterns of pollution dispersion. Then, the variations (from 2018 to 2021) of the seasonal average values of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and thermal inversion occurrence/position were compared to identify possible variations in the patterns of such variables that would justify (or deny) the occurrence of more favorable conditions for pollutants dispersion. However, no significant variations were found. Finally, the seasonal average concentrations of the previously mentioned pollutants were compared from 2018 to 2021, and the daily concentrations observed during the pandemic period were compared with a model based on an artificial neural network. Regarding the concentration of pollutants, the primarily sourced from vehicular traffic (CO and NO2 ) exhibited substantial variations, demonstrating an inverse relationship with the rate of social distancing. In addition, the measured concentrations deviated from the predictive model during periods of significant social isolation. Conversely, pollutants that were not primarily linked to vehicular sources (PM2.5 and PM10) exhibited minimal variation from 2018 to 2021; thus, their measured concentration remained consistent with the prediction model.

    Palavras-Chave: urban areas; air pollution; air quality; machine learning; vehicles; coronaviruses

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  • IPEN-DOC 28812

    MOREIRA, GREGORI de A. ; OLIVEIRA, AMAURI P. de; CODATO, GEORGIA; SANCHEZ, MACIEL P.; TITO, JANET V.; SILVA, LEONARDO A.H. e; SILVEIRA, LUCAS C. da; SILVA, JONATAN J. da ; LOPES, FABIO J. da S. ; LANDULFO, EDUARDO . Assessing spatial variation of PBL height and aerosol layer aloft in São Paulo Megacity using simultaneously two lidar during winter 2019. Atmosphere, v. 13, n. 4, p. 1-16, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040611

    Abstract: This work presents the use of two elastic lidar systems to assess the horizontal variation of the PBL height (PBLH) and aerosol layer aloft in the São Paulo Megacity. These two lidars performed simultaneous measurements 10.7 km apart in a highly urbanized and relatively flat area of São Paulo for two winter months of 2019. The results showed that the PBLH differences display diurnal variation that depends on the PBL during daytime growth phases. Cloud and sea breeze effects control most of PBLH variation. In the absence of cloud and sea breeze, the maximum difference (~300 m) occurs in the rapid development stage and is due to topographic effects. When the PBL approaches its maximum daily value, it tends to level off with respect to the topography. In addition, it was presented a method that combines elastic lidar (to detect an aerosol layer) and satellite data (to classify such a layer from Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Index (AI) information) for the detection of biomass burning events. This methodology demonstrated that the variations caused by Biomass Burning in AOD and AI enable both the detection of aerosol plumes originating from biomass burning and the identification of their origin.

    Palavras-Chave: boundary layers; earth atmosphere; biomass; burns; urban areas; optical radar

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  • IPEN-DOC 29837

    VIEIRA, ERICK V.R.; ROSARIO, NILTON E. do; YAMASOE, MARCIA A.; MORAIS, FERNANDO G.; MARTINEZ, PEDRO J.P.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO ; MIRANDA, REGINA M. de. Chemical characterization and optical properties of the aerosol in São Paulo, Brazil. Atmosphere, v. 14, n. 9, p. 1-21, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/atmos14091460

    Abstract: : Air pollution in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), Brazil, is a serious problem and is strongly affected by local sources. However, atmosphere column composition in MASP is also affected by biomass burning aerosol (BB). Understanding the impacts of aerosol particles, from both vehicles and BB, on the air quality and climate depends on in-depth research with knowledge of some parameters such as the optical properties of particles and their chemical composition. This study characterized fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from July 2019 to August 2020 in the eastern part of the MASP, relating the chemical composition data obtained at the surface and columnar optical parameters, such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström Exponent (AE), and single-scattering albedo (SSA). According to the analyzed data, the mean PM2.5 concentration was 18.0 ± 12.5 µg/m3 ; however, daily events exceeded 75 times the air quality standard of the World Health Organization (15 µg/m3 ). The mean black carbon concentration was 1.8 ± 1.5 µg/m3 in the sampling period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four main sources of aerosol: heavy vehicles (42%), followed by soil dust plus local sources (38.7%), light vehicles (9.9%), and local sources (8.6%). AOD and AE presented the highest values in the dry period, during which biomass burning events are more frequent, suggesting smaller particles in the atmosphere. SSA values at 440 nm were between 0.86 and 0.94, with lower values in the winter months, indicating the presence of more absorbing aerosol.

    Palavras-Chave: particulates; air pollution; air quality; urban areas; aerosols; optical properties

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  • IPEN-DOC 27365

    CASSOL, HENRIQUE L.G.; DOMINGUES, LUCAS G.; SANCHEZ, ALBER H.; BASSO, LUANA S.; MARANI, LUCIANO; TEJADA, GRACIELA; ARAI, EGIDIO; CORREIA, CAIO ; ALDEN, CAROLINE B.; MILLER, JOHN B.; GLOOR, MANUEL; ANDERSON, LIANA O.; ARAGÃO, LUIZ E.O.C.; GATTI, LUCIANA V. . Determination of region of influence obtained by aircraft vertical profiles using the density of trajectories from the HYSPLIT model. Atmosphere, v. 11, n. 10, p. 1-20, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101073

    Abstract: Aircraft atmospheric profiling is a valuable technique for determining greenhouse gas fluxes at regional scales (104–106 km2). Here, we describe a new, simple method for estimating the surface influence of air samples that uses backward trajectories based on the Lagrangian model Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). We determined “regions of influence” on a quarterly basis between 2010 and 2018 for four aircraft vertical profile sites: SAN and ALF in the eastern Amazon, and RBA and TAB or TEF in the western Amazon. We evaluated regions of influence in terms of their relative sensitivity to areas inside and outside the Amazon and their total area inside the Amazon. Regions of influence varied by quarter and less so by year. In the first and fourth quarters, the contribution of the region of influence inside the Amazon was 83–93% for all sites, while in the second and third quarters, it was 57–75%. The interquarter differences are more evident in the eastern than in the western Amazon. Our analysis indicates that atmospheric profiles from the western sites are sensitive to 42–52.2% of the Amazon. In contrast, eastern Amazon sites are sensitive to only 10.9–25.3%. These results may help to spatially resolve the response of greenhouse gas emissions to climate variability over Amazon.

    Palavras-Chave: aircraft; atmospheres; greenhouses; air quality; sampling; greenhouse gases; air pollution; air flow; carbon dioxide; carbon footprint

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  • IPEN-DOC 28655

    IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO ; FREITAS, EDMILSON D. de; ANDRADE, MARIA de F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO . Effects of evaporative emissions control measurements on ozone concentrations in Brazil. Atmosphere, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010082

    Abstract: In this work, the possible benefits obtained due to the implementation of evaporative emissions control measures, originating from vehicle fueling processes, on ozone concentrations are verified. The measures studied are: (1) control at the moment when the tank trucks supply the fuel to the gas stations (Stage 1); (2) control at the moment when the vehicles are refueled at the gas stations, through a device installed in the pumps (Stage 2); (3) same as the previous control, but through a device installed in the vehicles (ORVR). The effects of these procedures were analyzed using numerical modeling with the VEIN and WRF/Chem models for a base case in 2018 and different emission scenarios, both in 2018 and 2031. The results obtained for 2018 show that the implementation of Stages 1 and 2 would reduce HCNM emissions by 47.96%, with a consequent reduction of 19.9% in the average concentrations of tropospheric ozone. For 2031, the greatest reductions in ozone concentrations were obtained with the scenario without ORVR, and with Stage 1 and Stage 2 (64.65% reduction in HCNM emissions and 31.93% in ozone), followed by the scenario with ORVR and with Stage 1 and Stage 2 (64.39% reduction in HCNM emissions and 32.98% in ozone concentrations).

    Palavras-Chave: ozone; air quality; vehicles; pollutants; emission; air pollution control; carbon monoxide

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  • IPEN-DOC 29001

    PALACIOS, RAFAEL; NASSARDEN, DANIELLE C.S.; FRANCO, MARCO A.; MORAIS, FERNANDO G. ; MACHADO, LUIZ A.T.; RIZZO, LUCIANA V.; CIRINO, GLAUBER; PEREIRA, AUGUSTO G.C.; RIBEIRO, PRISCILA dos S.; BARROS, LUCAS R.C.; BIUDES, MARCELO S.; CURADO, LEONE F.A.; RODRIGUES, THIAGO R.; MENEZES, JORGE; LANDULFO, EDUARDO ; ARTAXO, PAULO. Evaluation of MODIS Dark Target AOD product with 3 and 10 km resolution in Amazonia. Atmosphere, v. 13, n. 11, p. 1-16, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/atmos13111742

    Abstract: The techniques and analyses employed by remote sensing provide key information about atmospheric particle properties at regional and global scales. However, limitations in optical spectral models used to represent the different types of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effects (direct and indirect) are still one of the major causes of sources of uncertainties and substantial impacts in climate prediction. There are no studies yet in South America, especially in the Amazon Basin, that have evaluated the advantages, disadvantages, inconsistencies, applicability, and suitability of the MODIS sensor (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) destined for monitoring the ambient aerosol optical thickness over rivers and continents. In this study, the results of the DT (Dark Target) algorithm for products with 3 km and 10 km resolutions were systematically evaluated for six sites in the Amazon rainforest. The comparisons between the products were carried out with the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) measurements, which were used as reference. Statistical parameters between AERONET vs. MODIS were also evaluated based on biomass burning records in the site regions. Here, the DT 10 km product showed satisfactory performance for the Amazon region, with observations between the expected error (EE) limits above 66%, in addition to R > 0.8 and RMSE < 0.3. However, the regional analysis for the two sites in the central and southern regions of the Amazon basin did not have the same performance, where the results showed an EE of 24 and 47%, respectively. The DT 3 km product did not perform well in any site, with an EE below 50%. Both products overestimated the AOD, but the 3 km product overestimated it approximately four times more due to its algorithm setup. Thus, we recommend the 10 km product for general analysis in Amazonia. Regional biomass burning records showed a direct relationship with the AERONET vs. MODIS DT with overestimation of both products. All variations between products and sites were justified based on the difficulty of retrieving surface reflectance and the model selected for local aerosols. Improvements in the optical spectral model currently implemented in the algorithms, with more realistic representations of the main types of the aerosol present in the Amazon Basin, may contribute to better performance among the evaluated products.

    Palavras-Chave: aerosol monitoring; remote sensing; satellites; sensors; amazon river

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  • IPEN-DOC 25108

    LARROZA, ELIANE G. ; KECKHUT, PHILIPPE; BARAY, JEAN-LUC; NAKAEMA, WALTER M.; VEREMES, HELENE; LANDULFO, EDUARDO ; DIONISI, DAVIDE; KHAYKIN, SERGEY; RAVETTA, FRANCOIS. Long-range transport of water channelized through the southern subtropical jet. Atmosphere, v. 9, n. 10, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100374

    Abstract: In this study, an air mass (containing a cirrus cloud) was detected by light detection and ranging (lidar) above São Paulo (Brazil) in June 2007 and tracked around the globe, thanks to Lagrangian calculations as well as ground-based and satellite observations. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data were also used to provide locations of occurrence of cirrus around the globe and extract their respective macro physical parameters (altitude and temperature). An analysis of the air mass history based on Lagrangian trajectories reveals that water coming from the Equator is channelized through the southern subtropical jet for weeks. In this case, the back-trajectories showed that the cirrus cloud detected at São Paulo was a mixture of air masses from two different locations: (1) the active convective area located around the Equator, with transport into the upper troposphere that promotes cirrus cloud formation; and (2) the South Pacific Ocean, with transport that follows the subtropical jet stream (STJ). Air masses coming from equatorial convective regions are trapped by the jet, which contributes to maintaining the lifetime of the cirrus cloud for a few days. The cloud disappears near the African continent, due to a southern excursion and warmer temperatures, then reappears and is detected again by the lidar system in São Paulo after 12 days. The observed cloud is located at a similar altitude, revealing that sedimentation is small or compensated by radiative uplift.

    Palavras-Chave: clouds; aerosols; atmospheres; optical radar; lagrangian function; satellite atmospheres; stratosphere; rayleigh scattering; brazil; water vapor

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  • IPEN-DOC 27238

    DOMINGUES, LUCAS G. ; GATTI, LUCIANA V. ; AQUINO, AFONSO ; SÁNCHEZ, ALBER; CORREIA, CAIO ; GLOOR, MANUEL; PETERS, WOUTER; MILLER, JOHN; TURNBULL, JOCELYN; SANTANA, RICARDO ; MARANI, LUCIANO; CÂMARA, GILBERTO; NEVES, RAIANE; CRISPIM, STÉPHANE. A new background method for greenhouse gases flux calculation based in back-trajectories over the Amazon. Atmosphere, v. 11, n. 7, p. 1-8, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070734

    Abstract: The large amount of carbon stored in trees and soils of the Amazon rain forest is under pressure from land use as well as climate change. Therefore, various efforts to monitor greenhouse gas exchange between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere are now ongoing, including regular vertical profile (surface to 4.5 km) greenhouse gas measurements across the Amazon. These profile measurements can be used to calculate fluxes to and from the rain forest to the atmosphere at large spatial scales by considering the enhancement or depletion relative to the mole fraction of air entering the Amazon basin from the Atlantic, providing an important diagnostic of the state, changes and sensitivities of the forests. Previous studies have estimated greenhouse gas mole fractions of incoming air (‘background’) as a weighted mean of mole fractions measured at two background sites, Barbados (Northern Hemisphere) and Ascension (Southern hemisphere) in the Tropical Atlantic, where the weights were based on sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) measured locally (in the Amazon vertical profiles) and at the two background sites. However, this method requires the accuracy and precision of SF6 measurements to be significantly better than 0.1 parts per trillion (picomole mole􀀀1), which is near the limit for the best SF6 measurements and assumes that there are no SF6 sources in the Amazon basin. We therefore present here an alternative method. Instead of using SF6, we use the geographical position of each air-mass back-trajectory when it intersects the limit connecting these two sites to estimate contributions from Barbados versus Ascension. We furthermore extend the approach to include an observation site further south, Cape Point, South Africa. We evaluate our method using CO2 vertical profile measurements at a coastal site in Brazil comparing with values obtained using this method where we find a high correlation (r2 = 0.77). Similarly, we obtain good agreement for CO2 background when comparing our results with those based on SF6, for the period 2010–2011 when the SF6 measurements had excellent precision and accuracy. We also found high correspondence between the methods for background values of CO, N2O and CH4. Finally, flux estimates based on our new method agree well with the CO2 flux estimates for 2010 and 2011 estimated using the SF6-based method. Together, our findings suggest that our trajectory-based method is a robust new way to derive background air concentrations for the purpose of greenhouse gas flux estimation using vertical profile data.

    Palavras-Chave: carbon dioxide; greenhouses; greenhouse gases; climatic change; environmental impacts; biomass; soils; forests; sedimentary basins; amazon river

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  • IPEN-DOC 29002

    MORAIS, FERNANDO G. ; FRANCO, MARCO A.; PALACIOS, RAFAEL; MACHADO, LUIZ A.T.; RIZZO, LUCIANA V.; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M.J.; JORGE, FABIO; SCHAFER, JOEL S.; HOLBEN, BRENT N.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO ; ARTAXO, PAULO. Relationship between land use and spatial variability of atmospheric brown carbon and black carbon aerosols in Amazonia. Atmosphere, v. 13, n. 8, p. 1-17, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081328

    Abstract: The aerosol radiative effect is an important source of uncertainty in estimating the anthropogenic impact of global climate change. One of the main open questions is the role of radiation absorption by aerosols and its relation to land use worldwide, particularly in the Amazon Rainforest. Using AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) long-term measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at a wavelength of 500 nm and absorption AOD (AAOD) at wavelengths of 440, 675, and 870 nm, we estimated the fraction and seasonality of the black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) contributions to absorption at 440 nm. This was conducted at six Amazonian sites, from central Amazon (Manaus and the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory—ATTO) to the deforestation arc (Rio Branco, Cuiabá, Ji-Paraná, and Alta Floresta). In addition, land use and cover data from the MapBiomas collection 6.0 was used to access the land transformation from forest to agricultural areas on each site. The results showed, for the first time, important geographical and seasonal variability in the aerosol optical properties, particularly the BC and BrC contributions. We observed a clear separation between dry and wet seasons, with BrC consistently accounting for an average of approximately 12% of the aerosol AAOD at 440 nm in the deforestation arc. In central Amazon, the contribution of BrC was approximately 25%. A direct relationship between the reduction in forests and the increase in the area dedicated to agriculture was detected. Moreover, places with lower fractions of forest had a smaller fraction of BrC, and regions with higher fractions of agricultural areas presented higher fractions of BC. Therefore, significant changes in AOD and AAOD are likely related to land-use transformations and biomass burning emissions, mainly during the dry season. The effects of land use change could introduce differences in the radiative balance in the different Amazonian regions. The analyses presented in this study allow a better understanding of the role of aerosol emissions from the Amazon Rainforest that could have global impacts.

    Palavras-Chave: aerosol monitoring; remote sensing; carbon; land use; amazon river

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