Navegação Livros - Capítulos por autor "12707"

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  • IPEN-DOC 29462

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . 30 years of the Goiania accident: a comparative study with other radioactivity dispersion events. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 23-40, cap. 2.

    Abstract: The year 2017 marks 30 years since the radioactive accident that occurred in the city of Goiania, capital of the state of Goias. It was the largest radiological accident in Brazil, and one of the largest in the world occurring outside nuclear facilities. Regarding the accidents at nuclear power plants, two of the biggest were Chernobyl in Ukraine, a year and a half before Goiania, and the Fukushima accident in Japan, in 2011. Different amounts of radioactive material were dispersed in the environment in each of these events. However, each one’s main pathway of dispersion was different: the accident of Goiania was terrestrial, Chernobyl was at the atmosphere, and Fukushima was mainly in the ocean. This work aims to study these different amounts, comparing such activities. In addition, it proposes to compare the sea dispersion of Fukushima with the amount of radioactive waste dumped in the oceans, when the release of radioactive waste at sea was permitted. It also proposes to compare the Chernobyl aerial dispersion with the radioactive material dissipated in the atmosphere, resulting from the more than 500 atmospheric nuclear tests conducted between 1945 and 1962 by the United States, the former Soviet Union, England, France and China.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29465

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO ; SACHDEVE, MAHIMA; BISURI, INDRANIL. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor: a new step towards suatainability. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 65-87, cap. 5.

    Abstract: One of the great advances in the current evolution of nuclear power reactors is occurring in India, with the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). It is a reactor that uses thorium as part of its fuel, which in its two fueling cycle options, in conjunction with plutonium or low enriched uranium, produces energy at the commercial level, generating less actinides of long half-life and inert thorium oxide, which leads to an optimization in the proportion of energy produced versus the production of burnt fuels of the order of up to 50%. The objective of this work is to present the most recent research and projects in progress in India, and how the expected results should be in compliance with the current sustainability models and programs, especially “Green Chemistry”, a program developed since the 1990s in the United States and England, which defines sustainable choices in its twelve principles and that can also be mostly related to the nuclear field. Nevertheless, in Brazil, for more than 40 years there has been the discontinuation of research for a thorium-fueled reactor, and so far there has been no prospect of future projects. The AHWR is an important example as an alternative way of producing energy in Brazil, as the country has the second largest reserve of thorium on the planet.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29469

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; TESSARO, ANA P.G. ; MARUMO, JULIO T. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Antifragility and radioactive waste management. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 130-148, cap. 9.

    Abstract: It is not possible to quantify the future, since it is unknown to us. Mathematical models fail when the ambiguity of facts overrides them. Nevertheless, the traditional risk management, with its difficulty in predicting elements that challenge the linear thinking, has in recent years had a strong partner: Antifragility. Unlike disciplines that seek to mitigate the risks of the unpredictable, antifragility views uncertainty as desirable and necessary. It is a recent discipline that breaks the paradigm of always being more effective and efficient; instead, the focus is on the fragile points of an institution, and how to incorporate in it the ability to get stronger over time, as it is subject to stress. Decision making is ultimately a bet. And when it comes to strategic decisions, these are usually high-risk bets because they financially affect the organization, or even the safety of a group, a city, or a country. And the vast majority of decisions are increasingly being made in situations without the full picture of a defined causal model being available. In the case of the nuclear area, it is a field of intense control due to the risk of excessive radiological exposure, and as such it requires a rigorous and continuous risk management, including the management of radioactive waste which is produced in its most various fields of action. Based on this approach, this work seeks to analyze possible fragilities in the institutional, staff and technological areas of the Radioactive Waste Management Service of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, in the city of São Paulo, and therefore present potential solutions under the perspective of antifragility, aiming at improving the safety of the human being and the environment.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29470

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Design bases for automation of a quality assurance system in radioactive waste management. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 149-165, cap. 10.

    Abstract: The design, construction, operation and decommissioning of a radioactive waste management facility requires compliance with the applicable regulations for nuclear quality assurance. However, although compliance is mandatory, in some countries the requirements are outlined for every type of nuclear facility, therefore they are generic and lack details of the actions necessary to ensure that the more specific quality objectives for a radioactive waste management facility are met. Besides that, the quality assurance system of such enterprise is complex, but ready-to-use, commercially available computer tools to assist managing the processes are still needed. The available quality management software requires either adaptation through the inclusion of specific data sets from the quality control program of a radioactive waste management facility, or the development of a customized tool. Therefore, the objective of this work is to search for a brief historical background of the emergence of Quality Assurance in the nuclear area in the Western world, providing information to form the engineering bases that allow the development of a computerized quality assurance system that may assist the quality manager to assure compliance with the applicable regulation in these countries.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29468

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO ; CHEBERLE, LUAN T.V.; ROSA, MYCHELLE M.L.. Determination of potassium-40 in some beer styles. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 118-129, cap. 8.

    Abstract: The radiation from radioactive isotopes of the natural radioactive series of thorium (Th-232) and uranium (U-238 and U-235), as well as radioactive potassium (K-40), are the major contributors of natural terrestrial radiation. The K-40 is a radionuclide that occurs naturally in a fixed ratio with the stable potassium. Potassium is an essential element for humans and its concentration in the body is controlled by metabolic processes. Beer is a highly widespread drink and is consumed worldwide. One of the great characteristics of the variety of beers, in their styles, is the possibility of using innumerable ingredients in their production, such as different fruits, seasonings, leaves and roots, grains, malts and hops, and the choice of ingredients can interfere directly in their properties. The present study presents the K-40 determination in beers with different styles applying the technique of analysis by gamma spectrometry. Reference material IAEA-327-Soil was analyzed for validation of the methodology. The results differ mainly due to the different raw materials used in the beer production.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29464

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; TESSARO, ANA P.G. ; ROLINDO, NATALIE C. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Further analyses of the unburied Goiania accident packages. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 54-64, cap. 4.

    Abstract: In 1987, in the city of Goiania, Brazil, a derelict teletherapy machine was disassembled by scavengers and Cs-137 was released in the environment, unleashing the biggest radiological accident in Brazil. During the 15 days before the accident was acknowledged, some contaminated materials were sold and delivered to recycling factories in a few cities in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the form of metal scrap and recycled paper bales. The contaminated material was then collected, the metal scrap was conditioned in forty-three 200-liter drums, and the paper bales were stored in fifty 1.6 cubic meter steel boxes at the interim storage of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), in the city of Sao Paulo, and there remained ever since. In 2017, 30 years later, initial analyses were performed at a sample of these boxes, checking for their activity, weight, and incongruences between the original values recorded at the time of collection and the measurement results 30 years later. The results indicated that none of the boxes checked were close to the clearance limit and that, without any sort of treatment, this radioactive waste should be stored for at least 150 years more. Visual inspection could not be performed at that time. Nowadays, some of the boxes were opened and samples from the contaminated material inside were taken for analysis. The main objective of this work is to report the results from the evaluation of the physical state of this material. After these analyses, the treatment options for volume reduction that were previously proposed were reviewed, and the method that best suits the current characteristics of the waste was chosen.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29466

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; SALVETTI, TEREZA C. ; TESSARO, ANA P.G. ; MARUMO, JULIO T. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Knowledge management in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities in Brazil. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 88-105, cap. 6.

    Abstract: In the second half of the twentieth century in Brazil, several nuclear facilities were built for the most varied objectives. The largest number of such facilities is at the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute in São Paulo (IPEN-CNEN/SP). For different reasons, some of these facilities had their projects finalized and were deactivated. Some of the equipment was then dismantled, but the respective nuclear and radioactive material remained isolated in the original sites awaiting the proper decommissioning procedures. The Celeste Project is an example of a facility where the nuclear material has been kept, and is subject to Argentine-Brazilian Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) periodic inspections. Because of a number of interests, including financial and/or budgeting situations at the institutions, decades have passed without any further action, and the people who withhold information and knowledge about these facilities have already moved away from the area or are in the process of. Therefore, this work proposes an analysis about the knowledge management reflecting on the possible consequences for the decommissioning processes, in case of loss of the knowledge acquired.

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  • IPEN-DOC 27679

    SACHDEVA, MAHIMA; SMITH, RICARDO B. ; SACHDEVA, ASTHA. Moving ahead towards sustainable development-AHWR, an amicable approach for nuclear reactors. In: JAIN, VINOD K. (Ed.); RATTAN, SUNITA (Ed.); VERMA, ABHISHEK (Ed.). Recent Trends in Materials and Devices. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2020. p. 203-210, cap. 21. (Springer Proceedings in Physics, 256). DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8625-5_21

    Abstract: With a constant urge of digging the unraveled, India has come far ahead in taking an evolutionary step in the field of nuclear science. There has been a recent breakthrough in nuclear reactor advancements. India is using advanced heavy water reactors which function on thorium as one of its fuel components. It can be used in conjunction with plutonium or low enriched uranium. This has been a massive lead as it produces energy at commercial levels and leaves lesser residual actinides having long half-life and inert thorium oxide. This has optimized the energy production rate up to 50% with respect to its production of burnt fuels. This research focuses on bringing an insight on recent advancements in terms of researches and scientific projects that are being conducted in India and how its result would ascent with the current sustainability models such as “Green Chemistry”, a program developed two decades ago in United States and England which defines its requirement for efficient transformation of reagents in obtaining desired results. This revolutionary uplift in nuclear science must reach global acceptance and execution. Considering the ample resources nature earth has bestowed us with, Brazil has remained away from the thorium fueled reactor project studied 50 years ago and there is no light put towards any future research prospects either. Being the second largest reserve of thorium on the entire planet, AHWR can become a mass advantage if explored and taken into deeper accounts.

    Palavras-Chave: thorium; heavy water; reactor safety; radioactive wastes; enriched uranium

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  • IPEN-DOC 29463

    TESSARO, ANA P.G. ; GERALDO, BIANCA ; SOUZA, DAIANE C.B. de ; SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Opening the Goiânia accident unburied waste packages. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 41-53, cap. 3.

    Abstract: The year 2017 marks 30 years since the radiological accident in Goiânia, Brazil, which resulted from the leakage of Cs-137 from a teletherapy equipment. The contaminated material collected during the response to the accident was disposed of in Abadia de Goiás, about 20 km from Goiânia. However, in the initial 15-day period before the authorities were notified, contaminated paper bales and scrap metal were sold and transported to material recycling facilities in the State of São Paulo, one thousand kilometers away. These materials were later collected in steel boxes and drums, and stored in the intermediate waste storage facility of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute - IPEN, in São Paulo. The objective of this paper is to describe the work performed to check the present condition of the paper bales waste boxes, reassess the reported Cs-137 activities, and evaluate possible treatment methods that can be applied to reduce the volume of waste. Prospective waste treatment methods are discussed.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29467

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO ; ROMERO, FERNANDA. Plutonium-238: the fuel crisis. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 109-117, cap. 7.

    Abstract: Plutonium-238 is currently still the best fuel to power satellites to be sent to deep space in regions where the solar panels can no longer efficiently receive the sunlight. For 50 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used this radioisotope as a fuel in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) installed on satellites such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini-Huygens and New Horizons, as well as the various rovers sent to the Moon and to Mars, among others. Plutonium-238 is not a naturally occurring isotope on the planet, it was produced in greater quantity during the Cold War period, as a byproduct of the production of Plutonium-239 used for nuclear bombs. However, after the shutting down of the Savannah River reactors in 1988 and the ending of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States stock of Plutonium-238 has been increasingly reduced, which threatens NASA’s future space projects. Commentaries on the options available to the United States, from restarting the production of this fuel, to possible alternatives for a new type of fuel or equipment that may supply the spacecrafts, are also presented.

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  • IPEN-DOC 29461

    SMITH, RICARDO B. ; VICENTE, ROBERTO . Project basis for automation of a quality assurance system in radioactive waste management. In: SMITH, RICARDO B. (Org.). Essays on nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. 1 ed.. São Paulo, SP: Gênio Criador Editora, 2021. p. 10-22, cap. 1.

    Abstract: A low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste management facility is required to comply with Regulation 1.16 of the Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission “Quality Assurance for the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants and Other Facilities”. However, the text of this regulation is very generic and does not address the more specific controls necessary for the management of quality. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify such detailed controls in all applicable activities of the facility and to provide an implementation plan in the form of flowcharts, for further development of an automated system. This work takes as a basis the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the rules and procedures implemented by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Civilian Waste Management related to Quality Assurance. In such way, we intend to provide a more reliable implementation system of quality assurance for management of radioactive waste in Brazil.

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A pesquisa no RD utiliza os recursos de busca da maioria das bases de dados. No entanto algumas dicas podem auxiliar para obter um resultado mais pertinente.

✔ É possível efetuar a busca de um autor ou um termo em todo o RD, por meio do Buscar no Repositório , isto é, o termo solicitado será localizado em qualquer campo do RD. No entanto esse tipo de pesquisa não é recomendada a não ser que se deseje um resultado amplo e generalizado.

✔ A pesquisa apresentará melhor resultado selecionando um dos filtros disponíveis em Navegar

✔ Os filtros disponíveis em Navegar tais como: Coleções, Ano de publicação, Títulos, Assuntos, Autores, Revista, Tipo de publicação são autoexplicativos. O filtro, Autores IPEN apresenta uma relação com os autores vinculados ao IPEN; o ID Autor IPEN diz respeito ao número único de identificação de cada autor constante no RD e sob o qual estão agrupados todos os seus trabalhos independente das variáveis do seu nome; Tipo de acesso diz respeito à acessibilidade do documento, isto é , sujeito as leis de direitos autorais, ID RT apresenta a relação dos relatórios técnicos, restritos para consulta das comunidades indicadas.

A opção Busca avançada utiliza os conectores da lógica boleana, é o melhor recurso para combinar chaves de busca e obter documentos relevantes à sua pesquisa, utilize os filtros apresentados na caixa de seleção para refinar o resultado de busca. Pode-se adicionar vários filtros a uma mesma busca.

Exemplo:

Buscar os artigos apresentados em um evento internacional de 2015, sobre loss of coolant, do autor Maprelian.

Autor: Maprelian

Título: loss of coolant

Tipo de publicação: Texto completo de evento

Ano de publicação: 2015

✔ Para indexação dos documentos é utilizado o Thesaurus do INIS, especializado na área nuclear e utilizado em todos os países membros da International Atomic Energy Agency – IAEA , por esse motivo, utilize os termos de busca de assunto em inglês; isto não exclui a busca livre por palavras, apenas o resultado pode não ser tão relevante ou pertinente.

✔ 95% do RD apresenta o texto completo do documento com livre acesso, para aqueles que apresentam o significa que e o documento está sujeito as leis de direitos autorais, solicita-se nesses casos contatar a Biblioteca do IPEN, bibl@ipen.br .

✔ Ao efetuar a busca por um autor o RD apresentará uma relação de todos os trabalhos depositados no RD. No lado direito da tela são apresentados os coautores com o número de trabalhos produzidos em conjunto bem como os assuntos abordados e os respectivos anos de publicação agrupados.

✔ O RD disponibiliza um quadro estatístico de produtividade, onde é possível visualizar o número dos trabalhos agrupados por tipo de coleção, a medida que estão sendo depositados no RD.

✔ Na página inicial nas referências são sinalizados todos os autores IPEN, ao clicar nesse símbolo será aberta uma nova página correspondente à aquele autor – trata-se da página do pesquisador.

✔ Na página do pesquisador, é possível verificar, as variações do nome, a relação de todos os trabalhos com texto completo bem como um quadro resumo numérico; há links para o Currículo Lattes e o Google Acadêmico ( quando esse for informado).

ATENÇÃO!

ESTE TEXTO "AJUDA" ESTÁ SUJEITO A ATUALIZAÇÕES CONSTANTES, A MEDIDA QUE NOVAS FUNCIONALIDADES E RECURSOS DE BUSCA FOREM SENDO DESENVOLVIDOS PELAS EQUIPES DA BIBLIOTECA E DA INFORMÁTICA.

O gerenciamento do Repositório está a cargo da Biblioteca do IPEN. Constam neste RI, até o presente momento 20.950 itens que tanto podem ser artigos de periódicos ou de eventos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses, livros, capítulo de livros e relatórios técnicos. Para participar do RI-IPEN é necessário que pelo menos um dos autores tenha vínculo acadêmico ou funcional com o Instituto. Nesta primeira etapa de funcionamento do RI, a coleta das publicações é realizada periodicamente pela equipe da Biblioteca do IPEN, extraindo os dados das bases internacionais tais como a Web of Science, Scopus, INIS, SciElo além de verificar o Currículo Lattes. O RI-IPEN apresenta também um aspecto inovador no seu funcionamento. Por meio de metadados específicos ele está vinculado ao sistema de gerenciamento das atividades do Plano Diretor anual do IPEN (SIGEPI). Com o objetivo de fornecer dados numéricos para a elaboração dos indicadores da Produção Cientifica Institucional, disponibiliza uma tabela estatística registrando em tempo real a inserção de novos itens. Foi criado um metadado que contém um número único para cada integrante da comunidade científica do IPEN. Esse metadado se transformou em um filtro que ao ser acionado apresenta todos os trabalhos de um determinado autor independente das variáveis na forma de citação do seu nome.

A elaboração do projeto do RI do IPEN foi iniciado em novembro de 2013, colocado em operação interna em julho de 2014 e disponibilizado na Internet em junho de 2015. Utiliza o software livre Dspace, desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Para descrição dos metadados adota o padrão Dublin Core. É compatível com o Protocolo de Arquivos Abertos (OAI) permitindo interoperabilidade com repositórios de âmbito nacional e internacional.

1. Portaria IPEN-CNEN/SP nº 387, que estabeleceu os princípios que nortearam a criação do RDI, clique aqui.


2. A experiência do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP) na criação de um Repositório Digital Institucional – RDI, clique aqui.

O Repositório Digital do IPEN é um equipamento institucional de acesso aberto, criado com o objetivo de reunir, preservar, disponibilizar e conferir maior visibilidade à Produção Científica publicada pelo Instituto, desde sua criação em 1956.

Operando, inicialmente como uma base de dados referencial o Repositório foi disponibilizado na atual plataforma, em junho de 2015. No Repositório está disponível o acesso ao conteúdo digital de artigos de periódicos, eventos, nacionais e internacionais, livros, capítulos, dissertações, teses e relatórios técnicos.

A elaboração do projeto do RI do IPEN foi iniciado em novembro de 2013, colocado em operação interna em julho de 2014 e disponibilizado na Internet em junho de 2015. Utiliza o software livre Dspace, desenvolvido pelo Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Para descrição dos metadados adota o padrão Dublin Core. É compatível com o Protocolo de Arquivos Abertos (OAI) permitindo interoperabilidade com repositórios de âmbito nacional e internacional.

O gerenciamento do Repositório está a cargo da Biblioteca do IPEN. Constam neste RI, até o presente momento 20.950 itens que tanto podem ser artigos de periódicos ou de eventos nacionais e internacionais, dissertações e teses, livros, capítulo de livros e relatórios técnicos. Para participar do RI-IPEN é necessário que pelo menos um dos autores tenha vínculo acadêmico ou funcional com o Instituto. Nesta primeira etapa de funcionamento do RI, a coleta das publicações é realizada periodicamente pela equipe da Biblioteca do IPEN, extraindo os dados das bases internacionais tais como a Web of Science, Scopus, INIS, SciElo além de verificar o Currículo Lattes. O RI-IPEN apresenta também um aspecto inovador no seu funcionamento. Por meio de metadados específicos ele está vinculado ao sistema de gerenciamento das atividades do Plano Diretor anual do IPEN (SIGEPI). Com o objetivo de fornecer dados numéricos para a elaboração dos indicadores da Produção Cientifica Institucional, disponibiliza uma tabela estatística registrando em tempo real a inserção de novos itens. Foi criado um metadado que contém um número único para cada integrante da comunidade científica do IPEN. Esse metadado se transformou em um filtro que ao ser acionado apresenta todos os trabalhos de um determinado autor independente das variáveis na forma de citação do seu nome.